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Education for Universities
Organized Crime
Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Defining Organized Crime
Definition in Convention
Similarities & Differences
Activities, Organization, Composition
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 1
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
Conspiracy
Criminal Association
Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 2
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Drug Trafficking
Firearms Trafficking
Wildlife & Forest Crime
Counterfeit Products Trafficking
Falsified Medical Products
Trafficking in Cultural Property
Trafficking in Persons
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 3
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Extortion
Extortion Racketeering
Loansharking
Links to Corruption
Bribery versus Extortion
Money-Laundering
Liability of Legal Persons
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 4
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
How much Organized Crime is there?
Alternative Ways for Measuring
Measuring Product Markets
Risk Assessment
Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
Risk Assessment of Product Markets
Risk Assessment in Practice
Summary
References
Exercises
Exercises & Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 5
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Positivism: Environmental Influences
Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
Structural Factors
Ethical Perspective
Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 6
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Models and Structure
Hierarchical Model
Local, Cultural Model
Enterprise or Business Model
Groups vs Activities
Networked Structure
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 7
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Jurisdiction
Investigators of Organized Crime
Special Investigative Techniques
Controlled Deliveries
Physical & Electronic Surveillance
Undercover Operations
Financial Analysis
Use of Informants
Rights of Victims & Witnesses
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 8
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Role of Prosecutors
Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
Mitigating Punishment
Granting Immunity from Prosecution
Witness Protection
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 9
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
Sentencing Options
Alternatives to Imprisonment
Death Penalty & Organized Crime
Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
Confiscation
Confiscation in Practice
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Role Play
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 10
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: International Cooperation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
Extradition
Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
Transfer of Sentenced Persons
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 11
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Definition of Crime Prevention and Terminology
Key Crime Prevention Typologies
Crime Problem-solving approaches
What works
Organized Crime Approaches
Beyond the three non-traditional approaches
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review and Assessment Questions
Quiz 12
Research and Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
Cyber Organized Crime Activities
Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
Historical Context
Features of the Convention
Protocols
Related international instruments
UNODC
Conference of the Parties
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
MUN Simulation
Format
Roles of Participants
Structure and Flow
Recommended Topics
Background Materials
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 14
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
Gender and Organized Crime
Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
Summary
References
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Definitions and Terminology
Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
International Terrorism-related Conventions
UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
Summary
References
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review and Assessment Questions
Quiz 16
Research and Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
Offences under the Protocol
Financial & Other Material Benefits
Aggravating Circumstances
Criminal Liability
Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
Scope of the Protocol
Humanitarian Exemption
Jurisdiction
Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
International Human Rights and Refugee Law
Vulnerable groups
Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
Identification of Smuggled Migrants
Participation in Legal Proceedings
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
Testimonial Evidence
Financial Investigations
Media
Non-Governmental Organizations
‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
Admissibility of Evidence
Sentencing
International Cooperation
Exchange of Information
Training
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
Administrative Approach
Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
Human Security
International Aid and Cooperation
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Migration & Migrant Smuggling
Mixed Migration Flows
Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
Vulnerability
Profile of Smugglers
Role of Organized Criminal Groups
Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Crime of Trafficking in Persons
International Legal Framework
The Issue of Consent
The Purpose of Exploitation
The abuse of a position of vulnerability
Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Root Causes
Supply Side Prevention Strategies
Demand Side Prevention Strategies
Role of the Media
Safe Migration Channels
Crime Prevention Strategies
Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Trafficked Persons as Victims
Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
Broader International Framework
State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
Identification of Victims
Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
Role of the Criminal Justice System
Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
State Cooperation with Civil Society
Civil Society Actors
The Private Sector
The Public
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Comparing SOM and TIP
Differences and Commonalities
Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP
When Theory Meets Practice: SOM or TIP?
Labour Exploitation
Forced Marriage
Other Examples
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Children on the Move
Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children
Protection in Practice
Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking Offences
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes
International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM
Global Overview on TIP and SOM
Gender and Migration
Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM
Gender and TIP and SOM Offenders
Responses to TIP and SOM
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM
Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons
Technology in Smuggling of Migrants
Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM
Privacy and Data Concerns
Emerging Trends
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Firearms
Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Framing the Issue of Firearms
Direct Impact of Firearms
Indirect Impacts of Firearms on States or Communities
International and National Responses
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Typology and Classification of Firearms
Common Firearms Types
Other Types of Firearms
Parts and Components
Ammunition
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
History of the Legitimate Arms Market
Need for a Legitimate Market
Key Actors in the Legitimate Market
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Authorized & Unauthorized Arms Transfers
Illegal Firearms in Social, Cultural & Political Context
Supply, Demand & Criminal Motivations
Larger Scale Firearms Trafficking Activities
Smaller Scale Trafficking Activities
Sources of Illicit Firearms
Consequences of Illicit Markets
Summary
References
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Public Law & Transnational Law
International Instruments with Global Outreach
Commonalities, Differences & Complementarity between Global Instruments
Tools to Support Implementation of Global Instruments
Other United Nations Processes
The Sustainable Development Goals
Multilateral & Regional Instruments
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Scope of National Firearms Regulations
National Firearms Strategies & Action Plans
Harmonization of National Legislation with International Firearms Instruments
Assistance for Development of National Firearms Legislation
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Firearms Trafficking as a Cross-Cutting Element
Organized Crime and Organized Criminal Groups
Criminal Gangs
Terrorist Groups
Interconnections between Organized Criminal Groups & Terrorist Groups
Gangs - Organized Crime & Terrorism: An Evolving Continuum
International Response
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International and National Legal Framework
Firearms Related Offences
Role of Law Enforcement
Firearms as Evidence
Use of Special Investigative Techniques
International Cooperation and Information Exchange
Prosecution and Adjudication of Firearms Trafficking
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Cybercrime
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Basics of Computing
Global Connectivity and Technology Usage Trends
Cybercrime in Brief
Cybercrime Trends
Cybercrime Prevention
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Offences against computer data and systems
Computer-related offences
Content-related offences
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
The Role of Cybercrime Law
Harmonization of Laws
International and Regional Instruments
International Human Rights and Cybercrime Law
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Digital Evidence
Digital Forensics
Standards and Best Practices for Digital Forensics
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Reporting Cybercrime
Who Conducts Cybercrime Investigations?
Obstacles to Cybercrime Investigations
Knowledge Management
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Legal and Ethical Obligations
Handling of Digital Evidence
Digital Evidence Admissibility
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
Formal International Cooperation Mechanisms
Informal International Cooperation Mechanisms
Data Retention, Preservation and Access
Challenges Relating to Extraterritorial Evidence
National Capacity and International Cooperation
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Internet Governance
Cybersecurity Strategies: Basic Features
National Cybersecurity Strategies
International Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
Cybersecurity Posture
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats
Risk
Vulnerability Disclosure
Cybersecurity Measures and Usability
Situational Crime Prevention
Incident Detection, Response, Recovery & Preparedness
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Privacy: What it is and Why it is Important
Privacy and Security
Cybercrime that Compromises Privacy
Data Protection Legislation
Data Breach Notification Laws
Enforcement of Privacy and Data Protection Laws
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Intellectual Property: What it is
Types of Intellectual Property
Causes for Cyber-Enabled Copyright & Trademark Offences
Protection & Prevention Efforts
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment
Cyberbullying
Gender-Based Interpersonal Cybercrime
Interpersonal Cybercrime Prevention
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
Cyber Organized Crime Activities
Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
Conclusion
References
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Hacktivism
Cyberespionage
Cyberterrorism
Cyberwarfare
Information Warfare, Disinformation & Electoral Fraud
Responses to Cyberinterventions
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Counter-Terrorism
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Brief History of Terrorism
19th Century Terrorism
League of Nations & Terrorism
United Nations & Terrorism
Terrorist Victimization
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Radicalization & Violent Extremism
Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism
Drivers of Violent Extremism
International Approaches to PVE &CVE
Regional & Multilateral Approaches
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Defining Rule of Law
UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy
Legal Sources & UN CT Strategy
Regional & National Approaches
International Legal Frameworks
International Human Rights Law
International Humanitarian Law
International Refugee Law
Current Challenges to International Legal Framework
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Defining Terrorism
Criminal Justice Responses
Treaty-based Crimes of Terrorism
Core International Crimes
International Courts and Tribunals
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
African Region
Inter-American Region
Asian Region
European Region
Middle East & Gulf Regions
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Core Principles of IHL
Categorization of Armed Conflict
Classification of Persons
IHL, Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism
Relationship between IHL & intern. human rights law
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law
Derogation during Public Emergency
Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 8: Right to Life
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Human Rights Instruments
Regional Human Rights Instruments
International Humanitarian Law
Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life
Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
Death Penalty
Enforced Disappearances
Armed Conflict Context
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Convention against Torture et al.
Regional Human Rights Instruments
International Humanitarian Law
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 10: Arrest & Detention
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Legal Framework
International Human Rights Instruments
Regional Human Rights Instruments
Key Contemporary Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Legal Framework
Regional Human Rights Instruments
Key Contemporary Issues
Investigative Phase
Trial & Sentencing Phase
Armed Conflict
Exercises & Case Studies
Exercises
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Legal Framework
Regional & National Approaches
Key Contemporary Issues
Special Investigative Techniques
Surveillance & Interception of Communications
Privacy & Intelligence Gathering in Armed Conflict
Accountability & Oversight of Intelligence Gathering
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Principle of Non-Discrimination
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Expression
Freedom of Assembly
Freedom of Association
Fundamental Freedoms
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Definition of 'Victim'
Effects of Terrorism
Access to Justice
Recognition of the Victim
Legal Framework
Human Rights Instruments
International Human Rights Law
Regional Human Rights Instruments
Criminal Justice Mechanisms
Instruments for Victims of Terrorism
National Approaches
Key Challenges in Securing Reparation
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Topic 1. Contemporary issues relating to conditions conducive both to the spread of terrorism and the rule of law
Topic 2. Contemporary issues relating to the right to life
Topic 3. Contemporary issues relating to foreign terrorist fighters
Topic 4. Contemporary issues relating to non-discrimination and fundamental freedoms
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Wildlife Crime
Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Demand and Consumption
Data
Supply and Demand
Implications of Wildlife Trafficking
Legal and Illegal Markets
Perpetrators and their Networks
Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Environmental Protection & Conservation
CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species
Organized Crime & Corruption
Animal Welfare
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminal Justice Actors and Agencies
Criminalization of Wildlife Trafficking
Challenges for Law Enforcement
Investigation Measures and Detection Methods
DNA
Prosecution and Judiciary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking
Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted
How is it Done and Who is Involved?
Consequences of Harms to Wild Flora
Criminal Justice Responses
References
Exercises
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Terminology
Background: Communities and conservation: A history of disenfranchisement
Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife trafficking: the cost of conservation
Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and fishing economies
International and regional responses that fight wildlife trafficking while supporting IPLCs
Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing wildlife trafficking
Critiques of community engagement
Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local populations
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Additional Teaching Tools
Tools & Resources
Related Resources
International Cooperation Hub
Toolkit on digital case management systems (DCMS) for authorities involved in international cooperation in criminal matters
Mutual Legal Assistance Request Writer Tool (MLA Tool)
Electronic Evidence Hub
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Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit
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Corruption
T=corruptionCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Preventive measures
Preventive anti-corruption policies / practices
Preventive anti-corruption body or bodies
Prevention in the public sector
Codes of conduct
Public procurement / management of public finances
Public reporting
Measures relating to the judiciary / prosecution services
Prevention in the private sector
Participation of society
Gender specific perception of corruption
Criminalisation and law enforcement
Bribery of national public officials
Bribery of foreign public officials / officials of public international organizations
Embezzlement/ misappropriation/ diversion of property by public official
Trading in influence
Abuse of functions
Illicit enrichment
Bribery in the private sector
Embezzlement / misappropriation / diversion of property in private sector
Concealment
Statute of limitations
Consequences of acts of corruption
Compensation for damage
Specialized authorities
Cooperation with law enforcement authorities
Cooperation between national authorities
Cooperation national authorities / private sector
Bank secrecy
Criminal record
Asset recovery
Recovery of assets / return of stolen assets
Prevention / detection of transfers of proceeds of crime
Measures for direct recovery of property
Recovery of property through international cooperation in confiscation
Special cooperation
Financial intelligence unit (FIU)
Agreements / arrangements / treaty
Fraud
T=fraudCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
General fraud offence
Specific fraud offence
Types of fraud
Credit card fraud
Investment fraud
Securities fraud
Products and services fraud
Identity fraud
Employment fraud
Romance fraud
Fraud against businesses and organizations
Fraud against public institutions
Document fraud
Acts involved
False/fraudulent pretenses/representations/promises
Failure to disclose information
Failure to prevent fraud
Falsification
Impersonation
Abuse of position
Means used
Physical means
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) system-related means
Keywords
Cryptocurrency
Cybercrime
T=cybercrimeCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Acts against the Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability of Computer, Data and Systems
Illegal access to a computer system
Illegal access of computer data
Interception of computer data
Acquisition of computer data
Illegal data/ system interference
Production/ distribution/ possession of computer misuse tools
Breach of privacy/data protection measures
Computer-related acts for personal or financial gain
Copyright/ trademark violations
Sending/ controlling sending of SPAM
Computer-related specific acts
Acts causing personal harm
Acts involving Racism/xenophobia
Production/distribution/ possession of child sexual abuse materials
Solicitation/'grooming' of children
Financing/planning of terrorism
Incitement to terrorism
Incitement to genocide
Incitement to discrimination/hostility/violence
Propaganda to war
Keywords
Illegal access to a computer system/data
Interception/acquisition of computer data
Production/ distribution/ possession of computer misuse tools
Breach of privacy/data protection measures
Cybersecurity infrastructures
Digital forensics
Child online abuse
Cyberbullying
Cyber-dependent crime
Cyber-enabled crime
Sexual and gender-based crimes, including conflict-related sexual violence
T=sgbc-crsvCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Genocide (underlying acts)
Killing members of the group
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
Genocide (contextual elements)
Intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such
Crimes against humanity (underlying acts)
Murder
Extermination
Enslavement
Deportation or forcible transfer of population
Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty
Torture
Rape
Sexual slavery
Enforced prostitution
Forced pregnancy
Enforced sterilization
Any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity
Persecution
Enforced disappearance of persons
Other inhumane acts
Crimes against humanity (contextual elements)
Committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population
War crimes (underlying acts)
Killing
Inhuman treatment
Torture
Rape
Sexual slavery
Enforced prostitution
Forced pregnancy
Enforced sterilization
Any other form of sexual violence constituting a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions
Unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement
Taking of hostages
Outrages upon personal dignity
Starvation
War crimes (contextual elements)
International armed conflict
Non-international armed conflict
Elements of sexual and gender-based international crimes
Act of a sexual nature
Caused to engage in an act of a sexual nature
Invasion of the body by penetration
Force or threat of force
Coercion, fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power
Taking advantage of a coercive environment
Taking advantage of a person's incapacity to give genuine consent
Exercised any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership
Inflicted severe physical or mental pain or suffering
Conduct relevant to sexual and gender-based international crimes
Abduction
Castration
Detention
Discrimination
Electric shocks
Forced abortion
Forced birth control
Forced insertion of objects
Forced gynaecological exam
Forced labour
Forced maternity
Forced medical exam
Forced marriage
Forced miscarriage
Forced nudity
Forced witnessing of sexual violence
Multiple-perpetrator rape
Mutilation
Slave trade
Verbal threats of sexual violence
Crimes under domestic law
Domestic or family violence
Female genital mutilation
Forced marriage
Forced abortion and forced sterilization
Gender-related hate speech
Gender-related killing
Rape and other forms of sexual assault
Sextortion
Sexual harassment
Stalking
Other keywords
Sexual violence
Reproductive violence
Physical violence
Psychological violence
Economic violence
Use of technology to commit or facilitate violence
Use or possession of firearms or other weapons
Administering drugs or forcing substance abuse
Consent considerations
Genital organ
Scientific or medical experiments
Strip search
Non-state armed actor
Health-related targeting and consequences, including infection with HIV
Drug offences
T=drugCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Cultivation/ production/ manufacture
Extraction/ preparation
Purchase/ possession
Offering/ offering for sale/ sale/ brokerage
Distribution/ delivery/ dispatch/ transport
Importation/ exportation
Keywords
Illicit traffic(king)(-offence)
Cultivation, Production and Manufacture Offences
Trade and Distribution Offences
Offence of possession for the purpose of production, export, import or trafficking
Drug trafficking of a minor nature
Manufacture, transport or distribution of equipment, materials or precursors offences
Offence of possession of Equipment, materials or Precursors
Organisation, Management and Financing of Drug Trafficking
Incitement to Commit Offences
Incitement to Illicit Use
Illicit cultivation, purchase and possession of drugs for personal consumption
Money laundering
T=moneyLaunderingCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Conversion/transfer of proceeds of crime
Concealment/disguise of nature/ source/ location/… of proceeds of crime
Acquisition/possession/use of proceeds of crime
Keywords
Terrorist financing
Anti-money laundering
Countering the financing of terrorism/countering terrorist financing
Proceeds of crime
Instrumentalities
Financial Intelligence Unit
Financial Action Task Force
Seizure and confiscation
(Civil) Forfeiture
Asset forfeiture
Asset recovery
Due diligence
Beneficial owner
National risk assessment
Virtual currencies
Cryptocurrencies
Obstruction of Justice
T=justiceObstructionCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Sectors
Public officials
Private sector
Offending Involves
Physical force/threat/intimidation
promising/ offering/ giving undue advantage
In Order To
Induce false testimony
Interfere in the giving of testimony or the production of evidence in a proceeding
Interfere with the exercise of official duties by a justice or law enforcement official
Keywords
Influencing potential witnesses
Corrupt means
Coercive means
Use of physical force against law enforcement and judicial officials
Threats or intimidation against law enforcement and judicial officials
Participation in an organized criminal group
T=criminalGroupCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Agreement to commit a serious crime (conspiracy)
Participation in criminal activities of organized criminal group
Participation in other activities of organized criminal group
Organizing, directing, aiding, abetting, facilitating or counselling the commission of a crime involving an organized criminal group
Extortion
Degree of Involvement
Overt act in furtherance of agreement
Knowledge of aim or activities of the organized criminal group or its intention to commit the crimes in question
Keywords
Overt act in furtherance of agreement
conspiracy
criminal association
circumstantial evidence
organizing/directing commission of (serious) crime
Aiding/ abetting/ facilitating/ counselling commission of (serious) crime
Extortion
Piracy and Maritime crime
T=piracyCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Keywords
Maritime security
Hijacking of ships / Attacks on ships
Armed robbery
Law of the Sea
Private security contractors
Kidnapping for ransom
Kidnapping and Ransom insurance
Economic impact
Oil bunkering
Best Management Practice
Vessel Protection Detachment
Maritime Crime
Yaoundé Code of Conduct
Djibouti code of Conduct
Inter-regional Coordination Centre
Smuggling of migrants
T=migrantSmugglingCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Enabling illegal entry
Producing a fraudulent travel or identity document in connection with migrant smuggling
Procuring, providing or possessing a fraudulent travel or identity document in connection with migrant smuggling
Enabling illegal stay
Financial or other material benefit (to smuggler)
Mode
land
sea
air
Aggravations
Endangering lives or safety of smuggled migrants
Inhuman or degrading treatment (including for exploitation)
Other aggravating circumstances
Related Conduct
Participating as an accomplice
Organizing and directing other persons
attempt
Other keywords
Humanitarian exemption
Non-criminalization of smuggled migrants (for the smuggling offence)
Smuggling of Specific Target Groups (e.g., unaccompanied minors, pregnant women, or individuals with disabilities)
Reoffending Smuggler
Extortion of Migrant
Kidnapping or Imprisonment of Migrant
Use of Advanced Technology or Cyber Methods to Aid Smuggling Operations
Use of Smuggled Migrants as Cover (e.g., coercing them to take on driving roles)
Involvement and/or Complicity of Authorities
Trafficking in firearms
T=illicitFirearmsCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Illicit manufacturing
Illicit trafficking
illicit possession/carrying
Falsifying / illicitly obliterating / removing / altering markings
Failure to keep records or falsification and destruction of records
Possession or use of fraudulent licences
Illicit brokering
Illicit reactivation or modification of deactivated firearms
Manufacturing Details
Unlicensed or unauthorized manufacture or assembly
Manufacture or assembly from illicitly trafficked parts and components
Manufacture or assembly of firearms without marking
Illicit conversion or modification of firearms
Illicit reactivation or modification of deactivated firearms
Trafficking details
Unauthorized import, export, acquisition, sale, delivery, movement or transfer of firearms, their parts or components or ammunition
Trafficking unmarked firearms
Related Conduct
Participating as an accomplice
Organizing and directing other persons
Attempt
Item Types
firearms
parts/components
ammunition
explosives
Keywords
Manufacturing authorization
Import/export/transit authorization
National firearms registries and record-keeping
Markings and serial numbers
Security and preventive measures
Confiscation/seizure
Deactivation
Disposal and destruction
Brokers and brokering
Information exchange and tracing
Parcel Services
Online sale
Ant trafficking
Detection at border crossings
Trafficking in cultural property
T=traffickingCulturalPropertyCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Illicit excavation
Trafficking in cultural property
Illegal import/export
Theft of cultural property
Looting of archaeological sites
Vandalising/destruction of archaeological sites
Keywords
Illicit import/export
Certificate of import/export
Licence and registration (revocation of)
Transfer of ownership and acquisition
Inventory
Cultural object/institution and work of art
Archaeological site
Protection of cultural heritage
Theft
Damaging and vandalising
Looting and pillaging
Clandestine/unlawful excavation
Suspicious dealing
Auction/sale (including internet sale)
Seizure and confiscation
Restitution and repatriation
Falsified medical products
T=fraudulentMedicineCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Keywords
Prevention of falsified medical product-related crime
Manufacture of a falsified medical product
Distribution of a falsified medical product
Possession of a falsified medical product
Supply by electronic and distance selling
Offences by Service Providers involved in the supply of electronic and distance selling (e.g. through the Internet)
Medical product
Medical device
Crimes that affect the environment
T=crimesThatAffectTheEnvironmentCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Type of crime
Wildlife crime
Crimes in the fisheries sector
Forest crime
Minerals crime
Waste crime
Pollution crime
Other crimes that affect the environment
Prohibited or unlicensed acts or conduct
Taking and other resource-related offences
Collecting or gathering
Cutting, chopping off or uprooting
Felling, logging or removing bark
Fishing
Harvesting
Hunting, killing or capturing
Mining
Taking
Trade and movement offences
Advertising
Brokering
Buying or selling
Dealing
Dispatching (in transit)
Distribution
Import, export or re-export
Offering or keeping for offer
Supplying
Trafficking
Transport
Offence based on prior illegal act
Land and habitat-related offences
Burning or arson
Commercial exploitation
Conversion of land
Degradation
Entering
Land-grabbing
Use
Possession and handling offences
Acquisition
Possession
Processing
Production
Smelting, refining or alloying
Sorting, labelling, handling or storing
Discharge and disposal offences
Discharge, emission, release or introduction
Disposal
Offences related to
Prohibited and regulated practices, equipment, devices, gear, weapons and chemicals
Protected areas, reserves or indigenous lands
Specimens of listed or protected species
Protection based upon
Domestic legislation
Foreign legislation
International instrument
CITES
CMS
IUCN Red List
Offences involving
Wild fauna
Wild flora
Fungi
Live specimen
Derivative or product
Animal specimen bred in captivity
Artificially propagated plant specimen
Fish
Fish product
Timber
Non-wood forest product
Metal
Mineral
Sand or gravel
Water
Hazardous waste
Non-hazardous waste
E-waste
Plastic waste
Textile waste
Household waste
End-of-life ships
Air pollution
Marine pollution
Soil pollution
Ozone-depleting substances
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Mercury
Pesticides
Keywords
Annexes or schedules
Authorizations, licenses, permits and certificates or contraventions thereof
Electronic and distance selling
Rights of nature
Trafficking in persons
T=traffickingPersonsCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Trafficking in persons (adults)
Trafficking in children (under 18 years)
Acts Involved
Recruitment/Hiring
Transportation
Transfer
Harbouring
Receipt
Buying/Purchasing/Selling
Participating as an accomplice
Organizing and directing other persons
Form of trafficking
Transnational trafficking
Internal trafficking
Means Used
Threat of the use of force or of other forms of coercion
Use of force or of other forms of coercion
Abduction
Fraud
Deception
Abuse of power or a position of vulnerability
Giving or receiving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person
Exploitative Purposes
Exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation
Forced labour or services
Slavery or practices similar to slavery
Servitude
Removal of organs
Forced begging
Forced criminality (e.g. theft, pickpocketing, etc.)
Online Trafficking
Sector in which exploitation takes place
Agriculture
Fisheries
Construction
Prostitution / sex work / pornography industry
Domestic work
Mining / Extraction
Factory / Manufacturing
Hospitality / Hotel / Restaurant / Bar
Hair / Beauty Salon
Hospital / Medical services (e.g. for Organ/Tissue Removal)
Sports
Protection Of Victims
decriminalization
Provision of shelter/ housing
Cooperation with NGOs
Keywords
Exploitation
Commercial sexual exploitation
Forced labour or services
Domestic servitude
Organised criminal group
Transnational trafficking
Internal trafficking
Child Trafficking
Involvement and/or Complicity of Authorities
Faith-Based Exploitation
Non-Punishment Principle
Familial Abuse and Exploitation
Terrorism
T=terrorismCrimeTypeType@http://www.unodc.org/cld/CommonTypes
Offences
Offences or Acts Committed on Board Aircraft
Unlawful Acts / Acts of violence against the Safety of Civil Aviation / at Airports
Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons/Diplomatic Agents
Crimes related to Kidnapping and Taking of Hostages
Offences related to Nuclear Terrorism and Nuclear material
Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation/ Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf
Offences related to Terrorist Bombings
Offences related to Financing of Terrorism
Offences related to Critical Infrastructure
Offences related to Land Transport
Offences related to ICSANT, CPPNM and/or A/CPPNM
Acts Involved
Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes / Cyberterrorism
Criminal Association
Providing/ Receiving Training Connected with Terrorist Acts
Making/ Collecting documents likely to facilitate Terrorist Acts
Aiding or Abetting the Commission of a Terrorist Offence
Encouragement / Glorification of Terrorism
Inciting Terrorism Acts / Public Provocation to Commit a Terrorist Offence
Recruitment for Terrorism
Failing to Inform the Police about a Terrorist Offence
Providing False Information about a Terrorist Offence
Possessing Things connected with a Terrorist Offence
Seizure of Aircraft
Planning or Preparing for a Terrorist Offence / Attempt to Commit a Terrorist Offence
Threat to Commit a Terrorist Offence
Membership in / Founding a Terrorist Group or Organization
Complicity in a Terrorist Offence
Keywords
Sanctions Regime / Arms Embargo / Assets Freeze / Travel Ban
Bomb / Improvised Explosive Device (IED) / Explosives
Violent Extremism / Radicalisation / Deradicalisation
Nuclear Material / Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism / Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Suicide Attack / Car Bomb
Maritime Navigation / Fixed Platforms / Cargo Container / Ship
Unlawful Seizure / Aircraft / Airport / Civil Aviation
Target / Casualty
Diplomatic Agents / Internationally Protected Persons
Safety / Countermeasures
Insurgency / Combat Zone
Electronic / Cell Phone / Laptop / USB Key / Hard Drive
Financing / cash couriers
New Technologies of Terrorist Financing / Virtual Currencies
Human Rights
Measures related to Supporting Victims of Terrorism
Foreign terrorist fighters (FTF) / Returnees / Relocators
Recidivism
Victims of terrorism
Nuclear Security
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Offending
Offending
Details
involved an organized criminal group (Article 2(a) CTOC)
occurred across one (or more) international borders (transnationally)
Juvenile offenders
Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction
Active principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory by its nationals)
Passive principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory against its nationals)
Effects doctrine (offence committed outside its territory over a conduct that produces substantial effects within the territory)
Principle of territoriality (offences committed upon one state’s territory, even if the offender is a foreign citizen)
Habitual residence (jurisdiction is established based on the place of habitual residence of the offender)
Protective jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established where a criminal act abroad is derogatory to the security of the state concerned and/or touches upon its vital interests)
Universal jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established over any person accused of committing grave international crimes e.g. piracy, war crimes, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions)
On board a ship/vessel flying its flag
On board an aircraft registered under its laws
Legally binding international agreements
Statute of international criminal tribunal or court
Liability
Liability
Liability for
completed offence
attempt
Liability based on
criminal intention
no criminal intent
Recklessness/negligence/strict liability
Conscious avoidance
Presumption of intention
Knowledge of prior illegal act
Liability as involves
principal offender(s)
participant, facilitator, accessory
organiser/director
financier
legal persons
Service providers/intermediary liability
Liability of legal persons
Criminal
Civil
Administrative
Sanctions against legal persons
Modes of liability for international crimes
Planning
Instigating
Ordering
Committing (direct perpetration)
Aiding and abetting in the planning, preparation or execution of a crime (complicity)
Joint criminal enterprise
Superior responsibility
Command responsibility
Co-perpetration
Indirect perpetration
Indirect co-perpetration
Incitement
Common plan or common purpose
Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
Details
Access to legal aid and legal representation
Pre trial issues
Prosecutorial discretion
Pre-trial detention
Non-custodial measures
Release pending trial
Deferred prosecution agreement
Enforcement notice
Trial and sentencing issues
Defences
Non-custodial sentences and ancillary orders
Custodial sanctions
Death penalty
Mitigating circumstances
Aggravating circumstances
Evidence (rules of)
Balance between immunities and jurisdictional privileges
Procedures of disqualification of public official
Exercise of disciplinary powers of competent authorities
Evidentiary standards
Sentencing guidelines
Specialized authorities and courts
Types of non-custodial sentences and ancillary orders
Fines
Community service
Remediation
Disqualification and cancellation of authorizations, licenses, permits or certificates
Remotion, suspension or reassignment of public official
Post-trial Issues
Non-custodial measures (e.g. early release/parole)
Post-release support and social reintegration
Establishment of criminal record
Investigation Procedure
Investigation Procedure
Involved Agencies
Confiscation and seizure of
Proceeds of crime derived from offences covered by the Convention
Property, equipment or other instrumentalities
Proceeds of crime transformed or converted into other property
Proceeds of crime intermingled with legitimately obtained property
Income or other benefits derived from the proceeds
Confiscation and Seizure Details
Currency
Conviction based
Non-conviction based
Measures
Identification, tracing, freezing and/or seizure of the proceeds and instrumentalities of crime
Shift burden of proof to defendant to show that alleged proceeds of crime were derived from legitimate sources
Access by competent authorities to bank, financial or commercial records
Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime and property
Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State party for victims compensation
Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State party to return to legitimate owner(s)
Rights of bona fide third parties
Administration of frozen, seized or confiscated property
Computer specific investigative measures
Seizure/Confiscation of hardware and/or software
Order for release of information from third party service providers
Collection of data through computer-specific investigation
Remote forensic tools
Transnational Assistance Requests to obtain digital data
Special investigative techniques
Special investigative techniques
Controlled delivery
Electronic or other forms of surveillance
Undercover operation(s)/ Assumed identities/ Infiltration
Informants
Law enforcement measures and cooperation
Exchange of information
Identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected
Movement of proceeds of crime or of property
Movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities
Joint investigations
Financial investigations
Cooperation with the private sector
Other investigative techniques
Gender-competent investigation techniques
Child-competent investigation techniques
Open-source investigation techniques
Victims
Victims
Victims of crime
Age of victim
Adult
Child (under 18 years of age)
Details
Victims of crime
Gender considerations
Best interests of the child
Secondary Trauma/Secondary Victimization
Re-victimization
Legal barriers to testifying
Support for victims
Victim support, including physical rehabilitation and psychosocial support
Victim support for children
Child victimization
Forced recruitment of children and youth
Child orphans and/or children separated from their parents
Drug-related vulnerability
Early childhood victimization (0 to 6 years)
Rights
Details
Access to Justice
Assistance and protection
Reparations, including compensation and restitution for victims
Types of reparations
Monetary
Non-monetary
Collective
Individual
Transgenerational
Protection Measures
Decriminalisation
Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
Closed hearings
In camera proceedings
Physical protection
Repatriation of victims
Domestic or foreign relocation
Domestic evidentiary rules
Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on identity and whereabouts or hearings
Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
Cooperation with NGOs
Provision of shelter/ housing
Access to compensation and restitution for victims
Right to due process
Protection order
Witnesses
Witnesses
Measures for justice collaborators
Sentence mitigation
Immunity from prosecution
Protection Measures
Physical protection / protection from retaliation
Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on identity and whereabouts or hearings
Domestic or foreign relocation
Domestic evidentiary rules
Closed hearings of sensitive evidence
Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
Right to due process
Protection of whistleblowers / reporting persons
Protective measures for child witnesses
Protection and security
Police protection
Judicial and procedural measures
Covert protection programmes
Other details
Protection offered to family/other relevant persons connected to the witness
Expert witnesses
Expert witness
Expertise in sexual violence
Expertise in trauma
Expertise in crimes against and affecting children
Medical expertise
Expertise in open-source investigations and information
International cooperation
International cooperation
Involved Countries
Legal basis
UNTOC
UNCAC
legislation
Multilateral instrument (including regional)
bilateral treaty or agreement
Reciprocity/ comity
Statute of an international court or tribunal
Measures
Extradition
International cooperation for confiscation/asset recovery
Mutual legal assistance
Transfer of criminal proceedings
Transfer of sentenced person(s)
International law enforcement cooperation (including INTERPOL)
Preservation of computer Data
Direct contact with service providers
Joint Investigation
Extradition
Legal Basis
UNCAC
Statute
Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or bilateral)
Virtue of reciprocity or comity
Dual criminality requirement
Yes
No
Based on the conduct underlying the offence
Details
Extension to accessory offences
Offences not complying with the minimum penalty requirement
Extradition for the purpose of enforcement of foreign sentence
International cooperation involving civil and administrative measures related to corruption
Extradition of nationals
Yes
No
Aut dedere aut judicare principle (extradite or prosecute)
Conditional surrender
Provisional arrest and detention pending extradition proceedings
Ground of refusal
Political offences, military offences, crimes against security, public order or other essential interest
Amnesty, statute of limitation or other immunity from prosecution
Discrimination clause
Humanitarian considerations
Death penalty, anticipated torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, political asylum, lack of fair trial assurances
Fiscal offences
Jurisdiction and extraterritoriality
Other grounds for refusal
Mutual legal assistance
Legal Basis
UNCAC
Statute
Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or bilateral)
Virtue of reciprocity or comity
Dual criminality requirement
Yes
No
Mutual legal assistance types
Taking evidence or statements from persons
Effecting service of judicial documents
Executing searches and seizures, and freezing
Examining objects and sites
Providing information, evidentiary items and expert evaluations
Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records, including government, bank, financial, corporate or business records
Identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities or other things of evidentiary purposes
Cooperation for the purposes of confiscation and disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property
Facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons in the requesting State party
Spontaneous transmission of information
On asset recovery cases
Assistance that does not involve coercive measures, in absence of dual criminality
Other Measures
International cooperation in the collection, preservation and exchange of electronic evidence (including preservation of Computer Data and Direct contact with service providers)
International cooperation for the protection of victims and witnesses (i.e. repatriation, status of victims, etc.)
International cooperation for the prevention of organized crime
Expedited assistance for electronic evidence
Preservation of computer Data
Network point of contact 24-7
Direct contact with service providers
International law enforcement and police to police cooperation
National competent authorities
INTERPOL
Personnel posted abroad (Liaison officials, etc.)
Agreements or arrangements for purposes of cooperation
Exchange of personnel
Cooperation on offences committed through ID related crime / use of modern technology
Legal basis on law enforcement cooperation
Joint investigations
Investigations on an ad hoc basis
International investigative mechanism
Prevention
Prevention
Policies
Legislative measures
Institutions
Urban crime prevention
Youth crime/ youth gangs prevention
Groups at risk for crime
Risk factors
Protective factors
Resilience to crime
Local safety audits
Community policing
Crime prevention strategies and policies
Community-centred/community-based prevention
Prevention of re-offending
Awareness raising
Role of civil society and private sector
Prevention in the public sector
Electronic Evidence
Electronic Evidence
Electronic Evidence/Digital Evidence
Data
Data processing (lawfulness)
Data protection (transparency, purpose limitation, accuracy, data minimisation)
Data retention
data security
Rights of data subjects (data privacy)
Material and/or territorial scope
Competent supervisory authorities
Sanctions and remedies
Admissibility of Evidence (General)
Authentication
Application of best evidence rule
Presumption of integrity
Admissibility standards
Proof by affidavit
Cross examination
Agreement on admissibility of electronic documents/signature
Open-source information
Metadata
Social media
Gender and sexuality considerations
Gender and sexuality considerations
Details
Gender perspective
Masculinities (roles, behaviours, activities and attributes)
Femininities (roles, behaviours, activities and attributes)
Female principal offender
Gender disparities
Gender equality and women's empowerment
Gender mainstreaming
Gender-based discrimination
Gender stereotypes
LGBTIQ+
Sexual orientation
Gender identity
Human rights
Human rights
Details
Human rights mainstreaming
Human rights violations
Persons with Disabilities
Children and Youth
Coordination
Coordination
National coordination bodies
