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Education for Universities
Tertiary
Organized Crime
Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: International Cooperation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Firearms
Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Cybercrime
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Wildlife Crime
Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Additional Teaching Tools
Counter-Terrorism
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 8: Right to Life
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 10: Arrest & Detention
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
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Organized Crime Convention
Trafficking in Persons Protocol
Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
Firearms Protocol
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Offending
Offending
Details
involved an organized criminal group (Article 2(a) CTOC)
occurred across one (or more) international borders (transnationally)
Juvenile offenders
Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction
Active principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory by its nationals)
Passive principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory against its nationals)
Effects doctrine (offence committed outside its territory over a conduct that produces substantial effects within the territory)
Principle of territoriality (offences committed upon one state’s territory, even if the offender is a foreign citizen)
Habitual residence (jurisdiction is established based on the place of habitual residence of the offender)
Protective jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established where a criminal act abroad is derogatory to the security of the state concerned and/or touches upon its vital interests)
Universal jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established over any person accused of committing grave international crimes e.g. piracy, war crimes, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions)
On board a ship/vessel flying its flag
On board an aircraft registered under its laws
Legally binding international agreements
Liability
Liability
Liability for
completed offence
attempt
Liability based on
criminal intention
no criminal intent
Recklessness/negligence/strict liability
Conscious avoidance
Liability as involves
principal offender(s)
participant, facilitator, accessory
organiser/director
financier
legal persons
Service providers/intermediary liability
Liability of legal persons
Criminal
Civil
Administrative
Sanctions against legal persons
Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
Details
Access to legal aid and legal representation
Pre trial issues
Prosecutorial discretion
Pre-trial detention
Non-custodial measures
Release pending trial
Trial and sentencing issues
Defences
Non-custodial sanctions
Custodial sanctions
Death penalty
Mitigating circumstances
Aggravating circumstances
Evidence (rules of)
Balance between immunities and jurisdictional privileges
Remotion, suspension or reassignment of public official
Procedures of disqualification of public official
Exercise of disciplinary powers of competent authorities
Post-trial Issues
Non-custodial measures (e.g. early release/parole)
Post-release support and social reintegration
Establishment of criminal record
Investigation Procedure
Investigation Procedure
Involved Agencies
Confiscation and seizure of
Proceeds of crime derived from offences covered by the Convention
Property, equipment or other instrumentalities
Proceeds of crime transformed or converted into other property
Proceeds of crime intermingled with legitimately obtained property
Income or other benefits derived from the proceeds
Confiscation and Seizure Details
Currency
Conviction based
Non-conviction based
Measures
Identification, tracing, freezing and/or seizure of the proceeds and instrumentalities of crime
Shift burden of proof to defendant to show that alleged proceeds of crime were derived from legitimate sources
Access by competent authorities to bank, financial or commercial records
Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime and property
Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State party for victims compensation
Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State party to return to legitimate owner(s)
Rights of bona fide third parties
Administration of frozen, seized or confiscated property
Computer specific investigative measures
Seizure/Confiscation of hardware and/or software
Order for release of information from third party service providers
Collection of data through computer-specific investigation
Remote forensic tools
Transnational Assistance Requests to obtain digital data
Special investigative techniques
Special investigative techniques
Controlled delivery
Electronic or other forms of surveillance
Undercover operation(s)/ Assumed identities/ Infiltration
Informants
Law enforcement measures and cooperation
Exchange of information
Identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected
Movement of proceeds of crime or of property
Movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities
Joint investigations
Financial investigations
Victims
Victims
Victims of crime
Details
Victims of crime
Gender considerations
Secondary Trauma/Secondary Victimization
Re-victimization
Child victimization
Forced recruitment of children and youth
Child orphans and/or children separated from their parents
Drug-related vulnerability
Early childhood victimization (0 to 6 years)
Rights
Access to Justice
Assistance and protection
Access to compensation and restitution for victims
Protection Measures
Decriminalisation
Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
Closed hearings
Physical protection
Repatriation of victims
Domestic or foreign relocation
Domestic evidentiary rules
Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on identity and whereabouts or hearings
Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
Cooperation with NGOs
Provision of shelter/ housing
Access to compensation and restitution for victims
Right to due process
Witnesses
Witnesses
Measures for justice collaborators
Sentence mitigation
Immunity from prosecution
Protection Measures
Physical protection / protection from retaliation
Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on identity and whereabouts or hearings
Domestic or foreign relocation
Domestic evidentiary rules
Closed hearings of sensitive evidence
Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
Right to due process
Protection of whistleblowers / reporting persons
Protection and security
Police protection
Judicial and procedural measures
Covert protection programmes
Other details
Protection offered to family/other relevant persons connected to the witness
International cooperation
International cooperation
Involved Countries
Legal basis
UNTOC
UNCAC
legislation
Multilateral instrument (including regional)
bilateral treaty or agreement
Reciprocity/ comity
Measures
Extradition
International cooperation for confiscation/asset recovery
Mutual legal assistance
Transfer of criminal proceedings
Transfer of sentenced person(s)
International law enforcement cooperation (including INTERPOL)
Preservation of computer Data
Direct contact with service providers
Joint Investigation
Extradition
Legal Basis
UNCAC
Statute
Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or bilateral)
Virtue of reciprocity or comity
Dual criminality requirement
Yes
No
Based on the conduct underlying the offence
Details
Extension to accessory offences
Offences not complying with the minimum penalty requirement
Extradition for the purpose of enforcement of foreign sentence
International cooperation involving civil and administrative measures related to corruption
Extradition of nationals
Yes
No
Aut dedere aut judicare principle (extradite or prosecute)
Conditional surrender
Provisional arrest and detention pending extradition proceedings
Ground of refusal
Political offences, military offences, crimes against security, public order or other essential interest
Amnesty, statute of limitation or other immunity from prosecution
Discrimination clause
Humanitarian considerations
Death penalty, anticipated torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, political asylum, lack of fair trial assurances
Fiscal offences
Jurisdiction and extraterritoriality
Other grounds for refusal
Mutual legal assistance
Legal Basis
UNCAC
Statute
Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or bilateral)
Virtue of reciprocity or comity
Dual criminality requirement
Yes
No
Mutual legal assistance types
Taking evidence or statements from persons
Effecting service of judicial documents
Executing searches and seizures, and freezing
Examining objects and sites
Providing information, evidentiary items and expert evaluations
Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records, including government, bank, financial, corporate or business records
Identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities or other things of evidentiary purposes
Cooperation for the purposes of confiscation and disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property
Facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons in the requesting State party
Spontaneous transmission of information
On asset recovery cases
Assistance that does not involve coercive measures, in absence of dual criminality
Other Measures
International cooperation in the collection, preservation and exchange of electronic evidence (including preservation of Computer Data and Direct contact with service providers)
International cooperation for the protection of victims and witnesses (i.e. repatriation, status of victims, etc.)
International cooperation for the prevention of organized crime
Expedited assistance for electronic evidence
Preservation of computer Data
Network point of contact 24-7
Direct contact with service providers
International law enforcement and police to police cooperation
National competent authorities
INTERPOL
Personnel posted abroad (Liaison officials, etc.)
Agreements or arrangements for purposes of cooperation
Exchange of personnel
Cooperation on offences committed through ID related crime / use of modern technology
Legal basis on law enforcement cooperation
Joint investigative bodies
Investigations on an ad hoc basis
Prevention
Prevention
Policies
Legislative measures
Institutions
Urban crime prevention
Youth crime/ youth gangs prevention
Groups at risk for crime
Risk factors
Protective factors
Resilience to crime
Local safety audits
Community policing
Crime prevention strategies and policies
Community-centred/community-based prevention
Recidivism prevention
Prevention of re-offending
Awareness raising
Role of civil society and private sector
Electronic Evidence
Electronic Evidence
Electronic Evidence/Digital Evidence
Data
Data processing (lawfulness)
Data protection (transparency, purpose limitation, accuracy, data minimisation)
Data retention
data security
Rights of data subjects (data privacy)
Material and/or territorial scope
Competent supervisory authorities
Sanctions and remedies
Admissibility of Evidence (General)
Authentication
Application of best evidence rule
Presumption of integrity
Admissibility standards
Proof by affidavit
Cross examination
Agreement on admissibility of electronic documents/signature
Gender considerations
Gender considerations
Details
Gender considerations
Toxic/hyper masculinity
Female principal offender
LGBTQI
Gender disparities
Gender equality and women's empowerment
Gender-based violence and sextortion
Gender in public governance and policy
Coordination
Coordination
National coordination bodies
