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定罪和执法

• 私营部门内的贿赂
• 滥用职权
• Embezzlement/ misappropriation/ diversion of property by public official

Slovenia v Soba, 2011 ONCA 206

事实梗概

Mr Soba was one of a number of individuals who were subject of criminal proceedings in the Republic of Slovenia. The trial there took place over some 80 hearing dates. Mr Soba was part of the trial until he left Slovenia in 2006 and the prosecution against him was adjourned. A number of the other accused, whose trial continued, were convicted. Mr Soba was accused of offences relating to the fraud on the government and the breach of trust by a public officer, in both of which he was a participant, as well as forgery and fraud, where he was the principal offender.

The key figure during the Slovenian proceedings was Boris Sustar, who had been state secretary at the Ministry of the Economy in Slovenia. He was found to have been the principal offender regarding the offences of fraud on the government and the breach of trust by a public officer.

Sustar, with the help of other individuals including Mr Soba, misappropriated government funds by arranging for certain corporations to receive government subsidies in return for kickbacks. Soba was accused of facilitating the payment and receiving a portion of as well as approaching a subsidy applicant for the kickbacks.

As reported in the evidence summaries in the case record, there was evidence suggesting that Mr Soba was party to a scheme to peddle influence in relation to the granting of state subsidies over which Sustar had a degree of control. The evidence further suggested that Soba caused false invoices for fictious services to be issued by corporations which he controlled to corporations which had obtained state subsidies and that he received a portion of these kickbacks.

The case record further indicated that Soba approached the director of an applicant for state subsidies and stated that he could secure such funds if half of them were paid to ISE, a corporation connected to the accused.

The record additionally showed that one or more recipients of state subsidies paid the false invoices that were issued by the accused through a company he exercised control over and in turn funneled to Sustar.

Slovenia sought the extradition of Mr Soba on the basis of the Organized Crime Convention.

判决日期:
2011-02-17

交叉问题

责任

... 为了

• 既遂犯罪

... 根据

• 犯罪意图

... 作为涉及方

• 主犯
• 参与者、调解人、从犯

犯罪

详情

• 捲入到有组织犯罪集团 (第 2 条(a) CTOC)

国际合作

所涉国家

加拿大

斯洛文尼亚

法律依据

• 有组织犯罪公约

措施

• 引渡

概览

Canada and Slovenia are not parties to an extradition treaty. The extradition request was, hence, filed under UNTOC, since both states are parties to the convention and the Convention can be used as direct legal basis for the surrender of the accused to the Republic of Slovenia.

 

程序步骤

法律制度:
习惯法
最新的法院:
上诉法院
诉讼类型:
刑事的
 
诉讼 #1:
  • 阶段:
    初审
  • 裁决日期:
    Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 CET 2009

    法院

    法院名称

    Ontario Superior Court of Justice

     

    地点

  • 城市/城镇:
    Guelph
  • 省:
    Ontario
  • • 刑事的

    说明

    Mr Soba applied for an order staying the extradition proceeding. He argued that his rights under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms were infringed since the Republic of Slovenia had deliberately put forward statements about available evidence which it knew to be false and thereby abused the process of the court.

    The Court immediately dismissed the infringement of rights but examined whether there was an abuse of process by deliberately presenting false evidence.

    The accused argued that the original record was mistaken by attributing Tomaz Kralj's testimony to Tomaz Logar. Both were employees of the company LINK 2000, which was alleged to have been used to facilitate the kickbacks. However, Tomaz Logar did not testify at court. The Court found that, given the fact that both individuals have the same name, this mistake could not be qualified as deliberate lie. The Court further pointed out that regardless of the identity of the witness, there still exists evidence from a LINK 2000 employee.

    Additional statements by the accused on false evidence could not be supported and were dismissed by the court.

    Mr Soba further argued that the evidence misstated the position of “Helsinki monitor”, a civil initiative of which the accused is a participant, by stating that “it dropped all the charges against the criminal procedure”. Mr Soba pointed out that this was not the case and that instead the initiative filed approx. 50 penal denunciations against state prosecutors and judges of the case, which have not been dealt with but dropped by the prosecutors without an explanation. The accused, hence, alleged a violation of the right to a fair trial by an independent court under Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. With regards to the false statement, the issue was addressed in the supplement record of the case of 20 October 2008. It was acknowledged that the statement was a mistranslation and that it should have stated that the initiative “abstained from filing any further opinions- statements”. With regards to the question whether dropping the objections raised by Helsinki monitor constitutes a violation of the right to a fair trial, the Court found that it “is not the province of the extradition judge on a committal hearing to determine whether there has been trial fairness in prior proceedings in the extradition partner country”. The Court further held that “the existence of continued objection by a civil organization in the extradition partner's process does not inhibit this court from making an order of committal if the available evidence warrants it”.

    The Court finally concluded that while Mr Soba had isolated two details in the case record that were false, it was not convinced that the extradition partner has deliberately lied about the evidence. The Court further noted that it does not follow from two errors that the record is generally unreliable and that the errors do not constitute a basis for denial of an order of committal and that they are insufficient to support an application for a stay of extradition proceedings.

    Consequently, the Court dismissed the application for a stay and allowed the application for a committal order.

     
    诉讼 #2:
  • 阶段:
    上诉
  • 官方案件编号:
    Slovenia v Soba, 2011 ONCA 137
  • 裁决日期:
    Thu Feb 17 00:00:00 CET 2011

    法院

    法院名称

    Court of Appeal for Ontario

     

    地点

  • 城市/城镇:
    Toronto
  • 省:
    Ontario
  • • 刑事的

    说明

    Mr Soba submitted that the committal order ought to be set aside because the extradition judge erred in her appreciation of the discrepancies in the record of the case. He relied on the decision of the British Columbia Supreme Court in Tarantino. The Court dismissed the appeal and noted that this case differs from Tarantino in that the discrepancies in this case were only minor and corrected in the supplementary record of the case. The Court held that these minor discrepancies did not taint the remaining evidence in the record.

     
    诉讼 #3:
  • 阶段:
    上诉
  • 官方案件编号:
    Slovenia v Soba, 2011 ONCA 206
  • 法院

    法院名称

    Court of Appeal for Ontario

     

    地点

  • 城市/城镇:
    Toronto
  • 省:
    Ontario
  • • 刑事的

    说明

    The applicant sought judicial review of the Minister of Justice’s decision to extradite him to the Republic of Slovenia dated 16 July 2009 on two grounds.

    1. The first was that the Minister denied the applicant natural justice by rejecting supporting submissions of the ‘Helsinki Monitor Organization’. The Minister did so on the ground that he doubted the institution’s legitimacy and on the ground of its association with the applicant. No notice of these grounds was given to the applicant ahead of time and therefore he had no opportunity to respond to them.

    2. The second ground was on the basis that the court failed to take into account that the Supreme Court of Canada in Németh, which came out after the Minister’s decision, broadened the interpretation of s. 44(1)(b) of the Extradition Act, S.C. 1999, c. 18, to require a consideration of the mere risk of persecution, as opposed to requiring proof of persecution on a balance of probabilities.

    The Court would not give effect to the first ground of judicial review for the following two reasons. First, the accused, in his several submissions to the Minister, did not disclose or explain his association with the Helsinki Monitor Organization in order to alter the Minister of the issue. Second, the applicant could have asked the Minister for a reconsideration of the case based on this issue but did not do so.

    Regarding the second ground, the Court held that Németh case only changed the way the law applies to certified convention refugees and not refugee applicants. The Court also pointed out that the Minister consulted the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration, which found that the judicial system in Slovenia was a fair one and that there was no suggestion of any concern of the potential for persecution

    Consequently, the Court dismissed the application for judicial review.

     
    诉讼 #4:
  • 阶段:
    上诉
  • 官方案件编号:
    Soba v Slovenia, 2011 SCCA 177
  • 法院

    法院名称

    Supreme Court of Canada

     

    地点

  • 城市/城镇:
    Ottawa
  • 省:
    Ontario
  • 说明

    The accused applied for leave to appeal. The application was dismissed (without reason).

     

    被告/ 初审被申请人

    被告:
    Bostjan Soba
    性别:

    法院

    Court of Appeal for Ontario