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    • Education for Universities
      • Tertiary
        • Organized Crime
          • Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Defining Organized Crime
              • Definition in Convention
              • Similarities & Differences
              • Activities, Organization, Composition
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 1
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
              • Conspiracy
              • Criminal Association
              • Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
              • Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
              • Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 2
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Drug Trafficking
              • Firearms Trafficking
              • Wildlife & Forest Crime
              • Counterfeit Products Trafficking
              • Falsified Medical Products
              • Trafficking in Cultural Property
              • Trafficking in Persons
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 3
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Extortion
              • Extortion Racketeering
              • Loansharking
              • Links to Corruption
              • Bribery versus Extortion
              • Money-Laundering
              • Liability of Legal Persons
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 4
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • How much Organized Crime is there?
              • Alternative Ways for Measuring
              • Measuring Product Markets
              • Risk Assessment
              • Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
              • Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
              • Risk Assessment of Product Markets
              • Risk Assessment in Practice
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Exercises & Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 5
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Positivism: Environmental Influences
              • Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
              • Structural Factors
              • Ethical Perspective
              • Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 6
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Models and Structure
              • Hierarchical Model
              • Local, Cultural Model
              • Enterprise or Business Model
              • Groups vs Activities
              • Networked Structure
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 7
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Jurisdiction
              • Investigators of Organized Crime
              • Special Investigative Techniques
                • Controlled Deliveries
                • Physical & Electronic Surveillance
                • Undercover Operations
                • Financial Analysis
                • Use of Informants
              • Rights of Victims & Witnesses
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 8
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Role of Prosecutors
              • Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
              • Mitigating Punishment
              • Granting Immunity from Prosecution
              • Witness Protection
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 9
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
              • Sentencing Options
              • Alternatives to Imprisonment
              • Death Penalty & Organized Crime
              • Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
              • Confiscation
              • Confiscation in Practice
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
              • Role Play
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 10
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: International Cooperation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
              • Extradition
              • Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
              • Transfer of Sentenced Persons
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 11
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Definition of Crime Prevention and Terminology
              • Key Crime Prevention Typologies
              • Crime Problem-solving approaches
              • What works
              • Organized Crime Approaches
              • Beyond the three non-traditional approaches
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review and Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 12
              • Research and Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
              • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
              • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
              • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
              • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
              • Historical Context
              • Features of the Convention
              • Protocols
              • Related international instruments
              • UNODC
              • Conference of the Parties
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • MUN Simulation
                • Format
                • Roles of Participants
                • Structure and Flow
                • Recommended Topics
                • Background Materials
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 14
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
              • Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
              • Gender and Organized Crime
              • Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Definitions and Terminology
              • Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
              • International Terrorism-related Conventions
              • UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
              • Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
              • Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
              • Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
              • Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
              • Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
              • Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
              • Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
              • Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
              • Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
              • Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
              • Summary
              • References
            • Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review and Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 16
              • Research and Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
              • UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
              • Offences under the Protocol
              • Financial & Other Material Benefits
              • Aggravating Circumstances
              • Criminal Liability
              • Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
              • Scope of the Protocol
              • Humanitarian Exemption
              • Jurisdiction
              • Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
              • Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
              • International Human Rights and Refugee Law
              • Vulnerable groups
              • Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
              • Identification of Smuggled Migrants
              • Participation in Legal Proceedings
              • Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
              • Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
              • Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
              • Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
              • Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
              • Testimonial Evidence
              • Financial Investigations
              • Media
              • Non-Governmental Organizations
              • ‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
              • Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
              • Admissibility of Evidence
              • Sentencing
              • International Cooperation
              • Exchange of Information
              • Training
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
              • Administrative Approach
              • Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
              • Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
              • Human Security
              • International Aid and Cooperation
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Migration & Migrant Smuggling
              • Mixed Migration Flows
              • Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
              • Vulnerability
              • Profile of Smugglers
              • Role of Organized Criminal Groups
              • Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
            • Exercises
            • Additional Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Crime of Trafficking in Persons
              • International Legal Framework
              • The Issue of Consent
              • The Purpose of Exploitation
              • The abuse of a position of vulnerability
              • Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
              • Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
              • Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Root Causes
              • Supply Side Prevention Strategies
              • Demand Side Prevention Strategies
              • Role of the Media
              • Safe Migration Channels
              • Crime Prevention Strategies
              • Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Trafficked Persons as Victims
              • Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
              • Broader International Framework
              • State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
              • Identification of Victims
              • Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
              • Role of the Criminal Justice System
              • Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
              • Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
              • Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
              • Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • State Cooperation with Civil Society
              • Civil Society