As emphasized throughout this Module and the overall university module series, an effective response to migrant smuggling requires the international community to engage in concerted cooperation between its members. To this effect, it is essential that frameworks of cooperation and coordination are established between the parties involved. Frameworks should include the (i) planning of aid, assistance or collaboration according to the specificities of the context in post-conflict countries, (ii) monitoring procedures aimed at ensuring that assistance (especially of a financial nature) is targeted to the priorities identified, and (iii) accountability systems, concerning both the receiving and donor States. Absent these steps, safeguards and frameworks for cooperation, aid measures may be ineffective or counterproductive.