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    • Education for Universities
      • Tertiary
        • Organized Crime
          • Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Defining Organized Crime
              • Definition in Convention
              • Similarities & Differences
              • Activities, Organization, Composition
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 1
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
              • Conspiracy
              • Criminal Association
              • Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
              • Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
              • Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 2
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Drug Trafficking
              • Firearms Trafficking
              • Wildlife & Forest Crime
              • Counterfeit Products Trafficking
              • Falsified Medical Products
              • Trafficking in Cultural Property
              • Trafficking in Persons
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 3
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Extortion
              • Extortion Racketeering
              • Loansharking
              • Links to Corruption
              • Bribery versus Extortion
              • Money-Laundering
              • Liability of Legal Persons
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 4
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • How much Organized Crime is there?
              • Alternative Ways for Measuring
              • Measuring Product Markets
              • Risk Assessment
              • Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
              • Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
              • Risk Assessment of Product Markets
              • Risk Assessment in Practice
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Exercises & Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 5
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Positivism: Environmental Influences
              • Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
              • Structural Factors
              • Ethical Perspective
              • Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 6
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Models and Structure
              • Hierarchical Model
              • Local, Cultural Model
              • Enterprise or Business Model
              • Groups vs Activities
              • Networked Structure
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 7
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Jurisdiction
              • Investigators of Organized Crime
              • Special Investigative Techniques
                • Controlled Deliveries
                • Physical & Electronic Surveillance
                • Undercover Operations
                • Financial Analysis
                • Use of Informants
              • Rights of Victims & Witnesses
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 8
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Role of Prosecutors
              • Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
              • Mitigating Punishment
              • Granting Immunity from Prosecution
              • Witness Protection
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 9
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
              • Sentencing Options
              • Alternatives to Imprisonment
              • Death Penalty & Organized Crime
              • Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
              • Confiscation
              • Confiscation in Practice
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
              • Role Play
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 10
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: International Cooperation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
              • Extradition
              • Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
              • Transfer of Sentenced Persons
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
              • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
              • Excerpts of Legislation
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 11
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Definition of Crime Prevention and Terminology
              • Key Crime Prevention Typologies
              • Crime Problem-solving approaches
              • What works
              • Organized Crime Approaches
              • Beyond the three non-traditional approaches
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review and Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 12
              • Research and Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
              • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
              • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
              • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
              • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
              • Historical Context
              • Features of the Convention
              • Protocols
              • Related international instruments
              • UNODC
              • Conference of the Parties
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
              • Case Studies & Exercises
              • MUN Simulation
                • Format
                • Roles of Participants
                • Structure and Flow
                • Recommended Topics
                • Background Materials
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review & Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 14
              • Research & Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
              • Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
              • Gender and Organized Crime
              • Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Definitions and Terminology
              • Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
              • International Terrorism-related Conventions
              • UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
              • Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
              • Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
              • Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
              • Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
              • Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
              • Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
              • Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
              • Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
              • Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
              • Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
              • Summary
              • References
            • Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
              • Review and Assessment Questions
              • Quiz 16
              • Research and Independent Study Questions
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
              • UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
              • Offences under the Protocol
              • Financial & Other Material Benefits
              • Aggravating Circumstances
              • Criminal Liability
              • Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
              • Scope of the Protocol
              • Humanitarian Exemption
              • Jurisdiction
              • Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
              • Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
              • International Human Rights and Refugee Law
              • Vulnerable groups
              • Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
              • Identification of Smuggled Migrants
              • Participation in Legal Proceedings
              • Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
              • Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
              • Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
              • Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
              • Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
              • Testimonial Evidence
              • Financial Investigations
              • Media
              • Non-Governmental Organizations
              • ‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
              • Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
              • Admissibility of Evidence
              • Sentencing
              • International Cooperation
              • Exchange of Information
              • Training
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
              • Administrative Approach
              • Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
              • Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
              • Human Security
              • International Aid and Cooperation
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Migration & Migrant Smuggling
              • Mixed Migration Flows
              • Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
              • Vulnerability
              • Profile of Smugglers
              • Role of Organized Criminal Groups
              • Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
            • Exercises
            • Additional Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Crime of Trafficking in Persons
              • International Legal Framework
              • The Issue of Consent
              • The Purpose of Exploitation
              • The abuse of a position of vulnerability
              • Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
              • Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
              • Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Root Causes
              • Supply Side Prevention Strategies
              • Demand Side Prevention Strategies
              • Role of the Media
              • Safe Migration Channels
              • Crime Prevention Strategies
              • Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Trafficked Persons as Victims
              • Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
              • Broader International Framework
              • State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
              • Identification of Victims
              • Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
              • Role of the Criminal Justice System
              • Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
              • Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
              • Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
              • Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • State Cooperation with Civil Society
              • Civil Society Actors
              • The Private Sector
              • The Public
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Comparing SOM and TIP
              • Differences and Commonalities
              • Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP
              • When Theory Meets Practice: SOM or TIP?
                • Labour Exploitation
                • Forced Marriage
                • Other Examples
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Children on the Move
              • Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children
              • Protection in Practice
              • Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking Offences
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes
              • International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM
              • Global Overview on TIP and SOM
              • Gender and Migration
              • Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM
              • Gender and TIP and SOM Offenders
              • Responses to TIP and SOM
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM
              • Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons
              • Technology in Smuggling of Migrants
              • Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM
              • Privacy and Data Concerns
              • Emerging Trends
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Firearms
          • Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Framing the Issue of Firearms
              • Direct Impact of Firearms
              • Indirect Impacts of Firearms on States or Communities
              • International and National Responses
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Typology and Classification of Firearms
              • Common Firearms Types
              • Other Types of Firearms
              • Parts and Components
              • Ammunition
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • History of the Legitimate Arms Market
              • Need for a Legitimate Market
              • Key Actors in the Legitimate Market
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Authorized & Unauthorized Arms Transfers
              • Illegal Firearms in Social, Cultural & Political Context
              • Supply, Demand & Criminal Motivations
              • Larger Scale Firearms Trafficking Activities
              • Smaller Scale Trafficking Activities
              • Sources of Illicit Firearms
              • Consequences of Illicit Markets
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International Public Law & Transnational Law
              • International Instruments with Global Outreach
              • Commonalities, Differences & Complementarity between Global Instruments
              • Tools to Support Implementation of Global Instruments
              • Other United Nations Processes
              • The Sustainable Development Goals
              • Multilateral & Regional Instruments
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Scope of National Firearms Regulations
              • National Firearms Strategies & Action Plans
              • Harmonization of National Legislation with International Firearms Instruments
              • Assistance for Development of National Firearms Legislation
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Firearms Trafficking as a Cross-Cutting Element
              • Organized Crime and Organized Criminal Groups
              • Criminal Gangs
              • Terrorist Groups
              • Interconnections between Organized Criminal Groups & Terrorist Groups
              • Gangs - Organized Crime & Terrorism: An Evolving Continuum
              • International Response
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International and National Legal Framework
              • Firearms Related Offences
              • Role of Law Enforcement
              • Firearms as Evidence
              • Use of Special Investigative Techniques
              • International Cooperation and Information Exchange
              • Prosecution and Adjudication of Firearms Trafficking
              • Summary
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Cybercrime
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Basics of Computing
              • Global Connectivity and Technology Usage Trends
              • Cybercrime in Brief
              • Cybercrime Trends
              • Cybercrime Prevention
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Offences against computer data and systems
              • Computer-related offences
              • Content-related offences
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • The Role of Cybercrime Law
              • Harmonization of Laws
              • International and Regional Instruments
              • International Human Rights and Cybercrime Law
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Digital Evidence
              • Digital Forensics
              • Standards and Best Practices for Digital Forensics
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Reporting Cybercrime
              • Who Conducts Cybercrime Investigations?
              • Obstacles to Cybercrime Investigations
              • Knowledge Management
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Legal and Ethical Obligations
              • Handling of Digital Evidence
              • Digital Evidence Admissibility
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
              • Formal International Cooperation Mechanisms
              • Informal International Cooperation Mechanisms
              • Data Retention, Preservation and Access
              • Challenges Relating to Extraterritorial Evidence
              • National Capacity and International Cooperation
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Internet Governance
              • Cybersecurity Strategies: Basic Features
              • National Cybersecurity Strategies
              • International Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
              • Cybersecurity Posture
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats
              • Risk
              • Vulnerability Disclosure
              • Cybersecurity Measures and Usability
              • Situational Crime Prevention
              • Incident Detection, Response, Recovery & Preparedness
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Privacy: What it is and Why it is Important
              • Privacy and Security
              • Cybercrime that Compromises Privacy
              • Data Protection Legislation
              • Data Breach Notification Laws
              • Enforcement of Privacy and Data Protection Laws
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Intellectual Property: What it is
              • Types of Intellectual Property
              • Causes for Cyber-Enabled Copyright & Trademark Offences
              • Protection & Prevention Efforts
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
              • Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment
              • Cyberbullying
              • Gender-Based Interpersonal Cybercrime
              • Interpersonal Cybercrime Prevention
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
              • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
              • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
              • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
              • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Hacktivism
              • Cyberespionage
              • Cyberterrorism
              • Cyberwarfare
              • Information Warfare, Disinformation & Electoral Fraud
              • Responses to Cyberinterventions
              • Conclusion
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Wildlife Crime
          • Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Demand and Consumption
              • Data
              • Supply and Demand
              • Implications of Wildlife Trafficking
              • Legal and Illegal Markets
              • Perpetrators and their Networks
              • Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Environmental Protection & Conservation
              • CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species
              • Organized Crime & Corruption
              • Animal Welfare
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Criminal Justice Actors and Agencies
              • Criminalization of Wildlife Trafficking
              • Challenges for Law Enforcement
              • Investigation Measures and Detection Methods
              • DNA
              • Prosecution and Judiciary
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking
              • Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted
              • How is it Done and Who is Involved?
              • Consequences of Harms to Wild Flora
              • Criminal Justice Responses
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Terminology
              • Background: Communities and conservation: A history of disenfranchisement
              • Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife trafficking: the cost of conservation
              • Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and fishing economies
              • International and regional responses that fight wildlife trafficking while supporting IPLCs
              • Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing wildlife trafficking
              • Critiques of community engagement
              • Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local populations
              • References
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Counter-Terrorism
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Brief History of Terrorism
              • 19th Century Terrorism
              • League of Nations & Terrorism
              • United Nations & Terrorism
              • Terrorist Victimization
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Radicalization & Violent Extremism
              • Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism
              • Drivers of Violent Extremism
              • International Approaches to PVE &CVE
              • Regional & Multilateral Approaches
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Defining Rule of Law
              • UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
              • International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy
              • Legal Sources & UN CT Strategy
              • Regional & National Approaches
              • International Legal Frameworks
              • International Human Rights Law
              • International Humanitarian Law
              • International Refugee Law
              • Current Challenges to International Legal Framework
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Defining Terrorism
              • Criminal Justice Responses
              • Treaty-based Crimes of Terrorism
              • Core International Crimes
              • International Courts and Tribunals
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • African Region
              • Inter-American Region
              • Asian Region
              • European Region
              • Middle East & Gulf Regions
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Core Principles of IHL
              • Categorization of Armed Conflict
              • Classification of Persons
              • IHL, Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism
              • Relationship between IHL & intern. human rights law
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law
              • Derogation during Public Emergency
              • Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 8: Right to Life
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International Human Rights Instruments
              • Regional Human Rights Instruments
              • International Humanitarian Law
              • Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life
              • Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
              • Death Penalty
              • Enforced Disappearances
              • Armed Conflict Context
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
              • Convention against Torture et al.
              • Regional Human Rights Instruments
              • International Humanitarian Law
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 10: Arrest & Detention
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International Legal Framework
              • International Human Rights Instruments
              • Regional Human Rights Instruments
              • Key Contemporary Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International Legal Framework
              • Regional Human Rights Instruments
              • Key Contemporary Issues
                • Investigative Phase
                • Trial & Sentencing Phase
              • Armed Conflict
            • Exercises & Case Studies
              • Exercises
              • Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • International Legal Framework
              • Regional & National Approaches
              • Key Contemporary Issues
              • Special Investigative Techniques
              • Surveillance & Interception of Communications
              • Privacy & Intelligence Gathering in Armed Conflict
              • Accountability & Oversight of Intelligence Gathering
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Principle of Non-Discrimination
              • Freedom of Religion
              • Freedom of Expression
              • Freedom of Assembly
              • Freedom of Association
              • Fundamental Freedoms
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Definition of 'Victim'
              • Effects of Terrorism
              • Access to Justice
              • Recognition of the Victim
              • Legal Framework
                • Human Rights Instruments
                • International Human Rights Law
                • Regional Human Rights Instruments
                • Criminal Justice Mechanisms
                • Instruments for Victims of Terrorism
                • National Approaches
              • Key Challenges in Securing Reparation
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
          • Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
              • Topic 1. Contemporary issues relating to conditions conducive both to the spread of terrorism and the rule of law
              • Topic 2. Contemporary issues relating to the right to life
              • Topic 3. Contemporary issues relating to foreign terrorist fighters
              • Topic 4. Contemporary issues relating to non-discrimination and fundamental freedoms
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
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  • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
  • Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
  • Other Resources
  • UNODC Teaching Module Series: Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants

  • Module 11: Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Persons - Differences and Commonalities

  • Introduction and learning outcomes

  • Key issues

  • Comparing smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons
  • Differences and commonalities
  • Vulnerability and the continuum between smuggling and trafficking
  • When theory meets practice: smuggling of migrants or trafficking in persons?
    • Labour exploitation
    • Forced marriage
    • Other examples
  • Exercises

  • Possible class structure

  • Core reading

  • Advanced reading

  • Other resources

  • Student assessment

  • Additional teaching tools

 
This module is a resource for lecturers

Other resources

  • Caribbean360 (2014), Women trafficked for prostitution and forced marriage in Trinidad.
  • ICMPD (2017), Expert Voice: Are migrants and refugees a "vulnerable group" in the context of human trafficking?
  • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2014), How to prevent human trafficking for domestic servitude in diplomatic households and protect private domestic workers .
  • Principles and Guidelines, supported by practical guidance, on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations .
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2016), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016 .
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2010), Issue Paper: A Short Introduction to Migrant Smuggling .
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2004), United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto .

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