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    • Education for Universities
      • Tertiary
        • Organized Crime
          • Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: International Cooperation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Additional Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Other Resources
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Firearms
          • Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Cybercrime
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Wildlife Crime
          • Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Additional Teaching Tools
          • Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
            • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Counter-Terrorism
          • Teaching Guide
          • Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 8: Right to Life
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 10: Arrest & Detention
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
          • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
          • Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
            • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
            • Key Issues
            • Exercises & Case Studies
            • Possible Class Structure
            • Core Reading
            • Advanced Reading
            • Student Assessment
            • Additional Teaching Tools
            • References
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  • Databases
  • Education for Universities
  • Tertiary
  • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
  • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
  • Key Issues
  • UNODC Teaching Module Series: Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants

  • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers

  • Introduction and learning outcomes

  • Key issues

    • Migration and migrant smuggling
    • Mixed migration flows
    • The social politics of migrant smuggling
    • Vulnerability
    • Profile of Smugglers
    • Addressing demand: the role of organized criminal groups
    • Humanitarianism, security and migrant smuggling
  • Exercises

  • Additional exercises

  • Possible class structure

  • Core reading

  • Advanced reading

  • Other resources

  • Student assessment

  • Additional teaching tools

 
This module is a resource for lecturers

Key issues

The sub-pages to this section provide a descriptive overview of the key issues that lecturers might want to cover with their students when teaching on this topic:

  • Migration and migrant smuggling
  • Mixed migration flows
  • The social politics of migrant smuggling
  • Vulnerability
  • Profile of Smugglers
  • Addressing demand: the role of organized criminal groups
  • Humanitarianism, security and migrant smuggling
Next: Migration and migrant smuggling
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