Case Law Database

Participation in an organized criminal group

Offences

• Agreement to commit a serious crime (conspiracy)

Degree of Involvement

• Overt act in furtherance of agreement

Wade v State

Fact Summary

The defendant Mr Wade and his co-defendant Mr Nissen entered into an agreement with two men, Messrs James McMillon and Huey Shira, to steal the contents of a safe located on the premises of W.J. Word Lumber Company in Scottsboro, Alabama. Mr Wade told his co-conspirators that there was approximately USD 1 million in cash and jewelry inside the safe.

The four individuals met together on several occasions and discussed methods of obtaining access to the contents of the safe. These included the use of a 'safe man' or forcing the general manager of the lumber company to open the safe by using physical violence against him, holding a gun to his head, or taking his wife and/or grandchildren hostage.

Commentary and Significant Features

The cases is significant because it confirms that the mere contemplation of multiple offences in the furtherance of a criminal conspiracy is not sufficient for proof of multiple conspiracies under US law. Each offence of conspiracy requires proof of a separate agreement to engage in the criminal conduct.

Cross-Cutting Issues

Liability

... for

• completed offence

... based on

• criminal intention

... as involves

• principal offender(s)

Offending

Involved Countries

United States of America

Procedural Information

Legal System:
Common Law
Latest Court Ruling:
Court of 1st Instance
Type of Proceeding:
Criminal
 
Proceeding #1:
  • Stage:
    first trial
  • Court

    Court Title

    Montgomery Circuit Court

     
    • Criminal

    Description

    At trial, Mr Wade was found guilty of all four charges against him. He was sentenced as a habitual offender to four consecutive terms of life imprisonment. He was also fined $5,000 for each conviction.

     

    Sentences

    Sentence

    Term of Imprisonment:
    Life imprisonment
     

    Fine

    Payment

    20000 USD
  • Amount ordinary in USD:
    10,000-50,000
  • Compensation to victim

    Payment

    1000 USD

    Remarks

    Mr Wade was ordered to pay court costs and $1,000 to the Victim's Compensation Fund in each case

     
  • Decision Appealed:
    Yes
  • Proceeding #2:
  • Stage:
    appeal
  • Official Case Reference:
    Wade v State, 581 So 2d 1255 (Ala Ct Crim App, 1991)
  • Court

    Court Title

    Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama

     
    • Criminal

    Description

    On appeal, Mr Wade argued that the four separate offences he had been charged were based on the same set of facts and constituted only one crime. As such, he argued that the trial court had erred in imposing four separate sentences.

    The Court of Criminal Appeals held that in order to prove that Mr Wade had committed each of the separate offences, the state had to prove that Mr Wade had entered into a separate agreement for each offence, each with a separate object. The Court found that the State's evidence only established that Mr Wade had entered into one agreement, to obtain the contents of the safe. The fact that Mr Wade and the other men contemplated engaging in conduct which would constitute other criminal offences did not mean that they were guilty of separate conspiracies; they did not enter into separate agreements for these offences.

    The Court of Criminal Appeal ordered that the case be remanded to the trial court with a direction that the trial court set aside three of the defendant's conspiracy convictions and the corresponding sentences. The Court specifically directed the trial court to set aside the defendant's conviction for conspiring to commit burglary in the first degree as one of the three offences because the premises in question were premises of a business, not a dwelling as required for proof of the offence.

    Mr Wade also argued on appeal that the prosecutor had improperly elicited testimony about a prior unrelated offense from a witness. The Court of Appeals rejected this argument and agreed with the trial judge that the evidence which included a reference to a prior unrelated offense was admissible.

    The Court also ordered that Mr Wade be resentenced on the remaining conviction.

     

    Outcome

  • Verdict:
    Guilty
  • Defendants / Respondents in the first instance

    Defendant:
    John Henry Wade
    Gender:
    Male
    Nationality:
    American

    Charges / Claims / Decisions

    Defendant:
    John Henry Wade
    Charge:

    Conspiracy to commit burglary in the first degree

    Verdict:
    Guilty
    Charge:

    Conspiracy to commit robbery in the first degree

    Verdict:
    Guilty
    Charge:

    Conspiracy to commit kidnapping in the first degree

    Verdict:
    Guilty
    Charge:

    Conspiracy to commit extortion in the first degree

    Verdict:
    Guilty

    Court

    Montgomery Circuit Court

    Sources / Citations

    Wade v State, 581 So 2d 1255 (Ala Ct Crim App, 1991)