Case Law Database

Trafficking in persons

Case No. 38-2009

Fact Summary

The case involved several women working in tandem through an organization ostensibly for the protection of children in order to abduct children and funnel them into illegal adoptions. A one month old child was taken from his mother’s place of residence and work through a ruse and was taken to another place where he remained for nearly a month, under care of specialized personnel, with the ultimate goal of illegal adoption. Ana María Barrutia Calderón participated in the reception of the child for 28 days and was paid by Mrs. Nancy Paola Perez, who pretended to be the biological mother during the delivery of the child through a custody certificate with the goal of submitting the child to an illegal adoption. Said payment was made through checks, which were covered by Mayra Lizette Cifuentes Gonón. These acts were consummated at the moment of committing an illicit act, when the child was one month old, with the goal of submitting the child to an illegal adoption, before he was rescued by the police. Monica Contreras Barrutia was the Director of the association of Maternal Units for Child Protection, where the child was transferred and received, and she fabricated the custody certificate. She also received the abducted child for a period of 28 days. Clara Esperanza Pérez Méndez took care of the child during this time (through the Association of Maternal Units for Child Protection).

El caso involucró a varias mujeres que trabajan en tándem a través de una organización supuestamente para la protección de los niños con el fin de secuestrar a los niños y llevar a cabo las adopciones ilegales. Un niño de un mes de edad fue llevado de un lugar de su madre de residencia y trabajo a través de un ardid y fue trasladado a otro lugar, donde permaneció durante casi un mes, bajo el cuidado de personal especializado, con el objetivo final de adopción ilegal. Ana María Barrutia Calderón participó en la recepción del niño durante 28 días y fue pagado por la Sra. Nancy Paola Pérez, quien pretendió ser la madre biológica durante la entrega del niño a través de un certificado de custodia con el objetivo de someter al niño a un la adopción ilegal. Dicho pago se hizo a través de cheques, los cuales fueron cubiertos por Mayra Lizette Cifuentes Gonon. Estos actos se consumaron en el momento de cometer un acto ilícito, cuando el niño tenía un mes de edad, con el objetivo de someter al niño a una adopción ilegal, antes de ser rescatado por la policía. Mónica Contreras Barrutia fue el director de la asociación de unidades maternas de Protección del Niño, donde fue trasladado el niño y recibidos, y se fabricó el certificado de custodia. También recibió el niño secuestrado por un período de 28 días. Clara Esperanza Pérez Méndez se hizo cargo del niño durante este tiempo (a través de la Asociación de Unidades de Protección del Niño materna).

Commentary and Significant Features

This case is interesting because the appeals court made a point of awarding both material and moral damages to the appellant, the victim’s mother, noting that it is “easy to appreciate that the consequences that this fact has left in her person and in her family are serious, difficult to repair and will force her to incur expenses for a considerable time to try to bring her life back to more or less normal…”

As a general comment, the Travaux Préparatoires of the negotiations for the elaboration of the United Nations Convention against Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto state that where illegal adoption amounts to a practice similar to slavery (as defined in article 1, paragraph (d) of the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery), it will also fall within the scope of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (p. 347). This interpretative note suggests that the intention of the drafters was that illegal adoption without the purpose of exploitation of the child would not fall under the crime of trafficking in persons.

Este caso es interesante porque el tribunal de apelaciones hizo un punto de la concesión tanto de daños materiales y morales a la demandante, madre de la víctima, señalando que "es fácil apreciar que las consecuencias que este hecho ha dejado en su persona y en su familia son grave, de difícil reparación y la obligará a incurrir en gastos por un tiempo considerable para tratar de traer de vuelta a su vida más o menos normal ... "

Como comentario general, los trabajos preparatorios de las negociaciones de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus Protocolos afirman que cuando la adopción ilegal equivaliera a una práctica análoga a la esclavitud, tal como se enuncia en el párrafo (d) del artículo 1 de la Convención suplementaria sobre la abolición de la esclavitud, la trata de esclavos y las instituciones y prácticas análogas a la esclavitud), correspondería también al ámbito de aplicación del Protocolo sobre la trata de personas (página 366). Esta nota interpretativa sugiere que la intención de los redactores era que la adopción ilegal sin fines de explotación de los niños no fuese considerada como un delito de trata de personas.

Author:
White & Case LLP

This work was developed through a partnership with UNODC, Lawyers Without Borders and White & Case LLP

Keywords

Acts:
Transfer
Receipt
Means:
Abduction
Fraud
Deception
Abuse of power or a position of vulnerability
Giving or receiving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person
Form of Trafficking:
Internal

Cross-Cutting Issues

Liability

... for

• completed offence

... based on

• criminal intention

... as involves

• principal offender(s)

Offending

Involved Countries

Guatemala

Gender Equality Considerations

Details

• Gender considerations
• Female principal offender

Procedural Information

Legal System:
Civil Law
Latest Court Ruling:
Appellate Court
Type of Proceeding:
Criminal

1st Instance:

10th Court of Criminal Sentencing, Drug Trafficking and Environmental Crimes, 4 December 2008, absolved Mónica Contreras Barrutia of trafficking in persons and absolved Clara Esperanza Pérez Méndez of concealment of a crime, but found Ana María Barrutia Calderón guilty of abduction (sentenced to three years in prison or a rate of 50 quetzales per day) and found Mayra Lizette Cifuentes Gonón guilty of abduction (sentenced to three years in prison or a rate of 50 quetzales per day).  Both of the women found guilty were disqualified from taking care of children not related to them and from the adoption process and for the duration of the sentence, their political rights were suspended.

2nd Instance:

Third Chamber of the Court of Criminal Appeals, Drug Trafficking and Environmental Crimes, 16 April 2009, found that the actions of the three defendants (Contreras Barrutia, Barrutia Calderón and Cifuentes Gonón) fell within Art. 194 of the Criminal Code and all represented “direct authorship” of the crime of trafficking, because each of the defendants’ actions were determinative in consummating the crime. The appeals court found that the appeals related to these three defendants were proper, that the first instance court’s decision should be vacated, and the punishment should be increased to eight years in prison for each of the three defendants. The court did, however, reverse the lower court’s finding with respect to the abduction conviction against defendant Cifuentes Gonón.  With respect to defendant Pérez Méndez, the court found her guilty of concealment of a crime and ordered 18 months’ jail time. The court also ordered that all of the defendants jointly and severally pay to the victim’s mother 25,000 quetzals each for moral and material damages.

1 ª Instancia:

10 Juzgado de Sentencia Penal, Narcoactividad y Delitos contra el Ambiente, 4 de diciembre de 2008, (Mónica Contreras Barrutia absuelto de la trata de personas y absolvió a Clara Esperanza Pérez Méndez, de la ocultación de un delito, pero se encontró Ana María Barrutia Calderón, culpable de secuestro condenado a tres años en la cárcel o una tasa de 50 quetzales por día) y se encontró Mayra Lizette Cifuentes culpable de secuestro Gonon (condenado a tres años de prisión o una tasa de 50 quetzales por día). Las dos mujeres fueron hallados culpables excluidos de la atención de los niños que no están relacionadas con ellos y en el proceso de adopción y para el tiempo de la condena, sus derechos políticos fueron suspendidos,

2 ª instancia:

Sala Tercera del Tribunal de Apelaciones en lo Penal, el narcotráfico y los delitos ambientales, 16 de abril de 2009, encontró que las acciones de los tres acusados ​​(Contreras Barrutia, Barrutia Calderón y Gonon Cifuentes) se presentaron en el art. 194 del Código Penal y todos representados "autoría directa" del delito de trata de personas, porque cada una de las acciones de los acusados ​​fueron determinantes en la consumación del delito. La corte de apelaciones encontró que los recursos relacionados con estos tres acusados ​​eran adecuadas, que la decisión del tribunal de primera instancia debería ser anulado, y el castigo debe ser mayor a ocho años de prisión por cada uno de los tres acusados​​. El tribunal, sin embargo, invertir el menor pronunciamiento del tribunal con respecto a la convicción de secuestro contra el acusado Gonon Cifuentes. Con respecto a la parte demandada Pérez Méndez, el tribunal la encontró culpable de encubrimiento de un delito y ordenó un plazo de 18 meses de cárcel. El tribunal también ordenó que todos los demandados solidariamente al pago de la madre de la víctima 25.000 quetzales cada uno por daños y perjuicios morales y materiales.

 
 

Victims / Plaintiffs in the first instance

Victim:
Newborn
Nationality:
Guatemalan
1 month old

Defendants / Respondents in the first instance

Defendant:
Ana Maria Barrutia Calderón
Gender:
Female
Legal Reasoning:

Barrutia Calderón was found to have participated in the reception of a minor through paid remuneration (through checks) with the goal of submitting the child to an illegal adoption and being a representative of the Association of maternal units for the protection of children, thus committing trafficking in persons. The court found her guilty of trafficking.

Barrutia Calderón participó en la recepción de un menor de edad a través de la remuneración pagada (a través de controles) con el objetivo de someter al niño a una adopción ilegal y de ser un representante de la Asociación de las unidades de maternidad para la protección de los niños, cometiendo así el tráfico de de personas. El tribunal la declaró culpable de trata de personas.

Defendant:
Mónica Contreras Barrutia
Gender:
Female
Defendant:
Clara Esperanza Pérez Méndez
Gender:
Female
Defendant:
Mayra Lizette Cifuentes Gonón
Gender:
Female

Charges / Claims / Decisions

Defendant:
Ana Maria Barrutia Calderón
Legislation / Statute / Code:

Article 194 of Penal Code

Charge details:
Trafficking in persons
Verdict:
Guilty
3 years imprisonment commutable at a rate of 50 quetzals per day
Compensation / Payment to Victim:
No 
Fine / Payment to State:
Yes  (Up to 10,000 USD) Jail time was commutable at 50 quetzals per day
Appellate Decision:
In Part

2nd instance:

The Public Ministry alleged that the court had not taken into account the fact that Barrutia Calderón had engaged in a conspiracy and abuse of power against a child, so her sentence should be increased. The appeals court ordered that she pay civil damages for material and moral damage caused to the appellant (the victim’s mother) in the amount of 25,000 quetzals, and increased her jail sentence to eight years (not commutable). Moral damages are awarded to a victim when the victim has lost something that cannot be compensated monetarily (such as a loved one). Moral damages differ from material damages in that material damages are designed to compensate for losses that can be quantified monetarily.

2 ª instancia:

El Ministerio Público alegó que el tribunal no había tenido en cuenta el hecho de que Barrutia Calderón había participado en una conspiración y abuso de poder contra un niño, por lo que su sentencia debe ser aumentada. La corte de apelaciones ordenó a pagar daños y perjuicios civiles por daños materiales y morales causados ​​a la parte recurrente (madre de la víctima) por un monto de 25.000 quetzales, y el aumento de su sentencia de cárcel de ocho años (no conmutable). Daños morales se conceden a la víctima cuando la víctima ha perdido algo que no puede ser compensada monetariamente (como a un ser querido). Daños morales se diferencian de los daños materiales en el que los daños materiales han sido diseñados para compensar las pérdidas que se pueden cuantificar monetariamente.

Defendant:
Mónica Contreras Barrutia
Legislation / Statute / Code:

Article 194 of Criminal Code

Charge details:
Trafficking in persons
Verdict:
Not Guilty
Compensation / Payment to Victim:
No 
Fine / Payment to State:
No 
Appellate Decision:
Reversed

2nd instance:

Public Ministry argued that Contreras Barrutia should have been found guilty of trafficking because she acted as the Director of the Association for Maternal Unites for Child Protection, where the child of one month was transferred and received. She fabricated a certificate of custody with the goal of submitting him to an illegal adoption and charged defendant Pérez Méndez with the care of the infant. The appeals court ordered that she be found guilty of trafficking and that she pay civil damages for material and moral damage caused to the appellant (the victim’s mother) in the amount of 25,000 quetzals, and sentenced her to eight years in prison (not commutable).

2 ª instancia:

Ministerio Público argumentó que Contreras Barrutia debería haber sido declarado culpable de tráfico, ya que se desempeñó como el Director de la Asociación para la Salud Materna Unidos para la Protección del Niño, donde fue trasladado el niño de un mes y recibidos. Se fabricó un certificado de custodia con el objetivo de someterlo a una adopción ilegal y acusado acusado Pérez Méndez con el cuidado del recién nacido. La corte de apelaciones ordenó que se le encontró culpable de tráfico y que pagar daños y perjuicios civiles por daños materiales y morales causados ​​a la parte recurrente (madre de la víctima) por un monto de 25.000 quetzales, y la condenó a ocho años de prisión (no conmutable).

Defendant:
Clara Esperanza Pérez Méndez
Charge details:
Concealment of an offense
Verdict:
Not Guilty
Compensation / Payment to Victim:
No 
Fine / Payment to State:
No 
Appellate Decision:
Reversed

2nd instance:

Public Ministry argued that Pérez Méndez should have been convicted of trafficking as well as concealment of a crime because she was the care provider for the Association of Maternal Units for Child Protection and she knew the origin of the child and was one of the people who arrived at the place where tortillas were sold in order to verify the existence of the child with the end goal of submitting him to an illegal adoption. Appeals court decided that she should have been convicted for concealment of a crime and imposed a sentence of 18 months’ imprisonment, commutable at the rate of 5 quetzals per day. The appeals court also ordered that she pay civil damages for material and moral damage caused to the appellant (the victim’s mother) in the amount of 25,000 quetzals.

2 ª instancia:

Ministerio Público argumentó que Pérez Méndez debería haber sido declarado culpable de tráfico, así como la ocultación de un delito, porque era el proveedor de atención de la Asociación de Unidades materna de Protección del Niño y sabía el origen del niño y fue una de las personas que llegaron en el lugar donde se vendían las tortillas con el fin de verificar la existencia del niño con el objetivo final de someterlo a una adopción ilegal. Corte de Apelaciones decidió que debería haber sido condenado por encubrimiento de un delito y le impuso una pena de 18 meses de prisión, conmutables a razón de 5 quetzales por día. La corte de apelaciones ordenó también que pagar daños y perjuicios civiles por daños materiales y morales causados ​​a la parte recurrente (madre de la víctima) por la suma de 25.000 quetzales.

Defendant:
Mayra Lizette Cifuentes Gonón
Legislation / Statute / Code:

Article 201 Penal Code

Charge details:
Abduction
Verdict:
Guilty
3 years’ imprisonment commutable at a rate of 50 quetzals per day
Compensation / Payment to Victim:
No 
Fine / Payment to State:
Yes  (Up to 10,000 USD) Imprisonment was commutable at rate of 50 quetzals per day
Appellate Decision:
Reversed

2nd instance:

Public Ministry argued that the court erred and should have found Cifuentes Gonón guilty of trafficking because she participated in the abduction of the child, recommended him to the Home of the Association of Maternal Units for Child Protection, helped commit fraud in his birth certificate and received payments from the defendant Barrutia on the day of the abduction. She also held the child for 28 days against the will of his parents. The appeals court ordered that she be found guilty of trafficking and that she pay civil damages for material and moral damage caused to the appellant (the victim’s mother) in the amount of 25,000 quetzals. However, the court reversed the first instance court’s finding related to abduction and absolved her of this crime. She was sentenced to eight years in prison (not commutable) for the trafficking conviction.

2nd instance:

Public Ministry argued that the court erred and should have found Cifuentes Gonón guilty of trafficking because she participated in the abduction of the child, recommended him to the Home of the Association of Maternal Units for Child Protection, helped commit fraud in his birth certificate and received payments from the defendant Barrutia on the day of the abduction.  She also held the child for 28 days against the will of his parents.  The appeals court ordered that she be found guilty of trafficking and that she pay civil damages for material and moral damage caused to the appellant (the victim’s mother) in the amount of 25,000 quetzals.  However, the court reversed the first instance court’s finding related to abduction and absolved her of this crime. She was sentenced to eight years in prison (not commutable) for the trafficking conviction.

Court

Third Chamber of the Criminal Court of Appeals, Drug Trafficking and Environmental Crimes

Sources / Citations

This case was sent to White & Case LLP by Díaz-Durán & Asociados, Guatemala City.

Este caso fue enviado a White & Case LLP por Díaz-Durán & Asociados, Ciudad de Guatemala.