Instructions: For multiple-choice questions, circle the appropriate letter (e.g., "a", "b", "c", etc.). For true-false questions, circle "True" or "False."
The positivist school of criminology focuses on ______________ to explain why offenders choose to break the law. (fill in the blank)
a) Evolution
b) Strain
c) Free will
d) State failure
e) Criminal opportunity
Classical criminology uses the idea of _______________ to explain why offenders choose to break the law. (fill in the blank)
a) Evolution
b) Strain
c) Free will
d) Deterrence
Which of the following theories is consistent with situational explanations of crime?
a) Positivist approach
b) Classical approach
c) Ethical approach
d) Good governance approach
Which of the following notions is central to the situational crime prevention approach?
a) Interaction of physical location, criminal offenders, victims, and law enforcement
b) Offender motivation
c) Structural causes
d) Hedonistic motivations
Which of the following notions is central to the classical approach to crime causation?
a) Interaction of physical location, criminal offenders, victims, and law enforcement
b) Offender motivation
c) Structural causes
d) Hedonistic motivations
The structural approach does not explain organized crime but explores the _______________ that lead to its expansion and resilience to disruption. (fill in the blank)
a) Evolution
b) Strain
c) Free will
d) Systemic factors
Which of the following positions does the ethical approach to crime suggest about deviance?
a) Persons weigh the consequences of their behaviour
b) Certain political and socio-cultural conditions create environments in which crime flourishes
c) Individual choices are not rational
d) Illegal conduct brings pleasure instead of guilt or shame
What is one of possible remedies suggested by the ethical approach to crime causation?
a) Education and reinforcement of ethical decision-making from an early age
b) Improving social and economic conditions
c) Deterrence through threat of apprehension and punishment
d) More equitable distribution of power and wealth in society
What is one of possible remedies suggested by the structural explanation to crime?
a) Education and reinforcement of ethical decision-making from an early age
b) Improving social and economic conditions
c) Deterrence through threat of apprehension and punishment
d) More equitable distribution of power and wealth in the international system
The economic gap between developed and developing countries as a factor behind drug trafficking is more likely to be supported by the _______________. (fill in the blank)
a) Positivist approach to crime
b) Classical approach to crime
c) Structural approach to crime
d) Ethical approach to crime
[Answer key: 1. b; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d; 6. d; 7. d; 8. a; 9. d; 10. c.]
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