This module is a resource for lecturers

Advanced reading

This section recommends advanced readings for students interested in exploring the topic(s) of this Module in more detail, and for lecturers teaching the Module.

Conditions Conducive to the Spread of Terrorism

• African Commission on Human and People's Rights (2002). Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa. Adopted 23 October, Banjul, The Gambia.
• African Commission on Human and People's Rights (2015). Principles and Guidelines on Human and Peoples’ Rights while Countering Terrorism in Africa. Adopted on 7 May, Banjul. See especially Parts 10 and 12.
• Ahmed, Imtiaz, ed. (2006). Understanding Terrorism in South Asia: Beyond Statist Discourses. Colombo: RCSS and New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.
• Alexander, Erin (2014). “Women of War: The Female Fighters of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.” Cornell International Affairs Review, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-21.
• Amnesty International (2015). “France faces 'litmus test' for freedom of expression as dozens arrested in wake of attacks.” 16 January.
• Amnesty International (2017). “Dangerously Disproportionate: The Ever-Expanding National Security State in Europe.”
• Barnett, Brook, and Amy Reynolds (2009). Terrorism and The Press: An Uneasy Relationship. New York: Peter Lang.
• Bhulai, Rafia and Nemr, Christina (2016). “From Policy to Action: Advancing an Integrated Approach to Women and Countering Violent Extremism.” Global Center on Cooperative Security, June.
• Buckley, Ahmed (2012). “Smiting Spell: The Legality of Targeted Killings in the War against Terrorism.” Journal of East Asia and International Law, vol. 5, issue 2, pp.439-454.
• Chesney, Robert (2010). “Who May Be Killed? Anwar al-Awlaki as a Case Study in the International Legal Regulation of Lethal Force.” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 13.
• Coche, Eugenie (2018). “Privatised enforcement and the right to freedom of expression in a world confronted with terrorism propaganda online.” Internet Policy Review: Journal on Internet Refulation, vol. 7, issue 4.
• Conway, Maura (2006). “Terrorism and the Internet: New Media - New Threat?” Dublin City University, 10 February.
• Coombes, Karinne (2009). “Balancing Necessity and Individual Rights in the Fight against Transnational Terrorism: ‘Targeted Killings’ and International Law.” Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, vol. 27, pp. 285-320.
• Crawford, Emily (2014). Terrorism and Targeted Killings in International Law. In Ben Saul, ed. Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism.Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 250-270.
• Council of Europe (2005). Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1706. Text adopted by the Assembly on 20 June 2005 (17th Sitting).
• Darden, Jessica T. (2019). “Tackling Terrorists' Exploitation of Youth.” May.
• Davis, Lynn E., Michael J. McNerney, and Michael D. Greenberg (2016). Clarifying the Rules for Targeted Killing: An Analytical Framework for Policies Involving Long-Range Armed Drones. Rand Corporation.
• Dessi, Andrea, and Lorenzo Kamel, eds. (2017). Youth and the Mediterranean: Exploring New Approaches to Dialogue and Cooperation. Rome: Instituto Affari Internazionali (IAI).
• Downey, Greg (2015). “Scott Atran on Youth, Violent Extremism and Promoting Peace.” PLOS BLOGS, ARTIS Research and Risk Modeling.
• Duffy, Helen et al. (2018). “Inciting Terrorism? Crimes of Expression and the Limits of the Law.” SSRN Paper, 23 April.
• Fink, Naureen C., Zieger, Sara and Bhulai, Rafia eds. (2016). “A Man's World? Exploring the Roles of Women in Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism.” Hedayah and The Global Center on Cooperative Security.
• Goldberg, David (2009). “Europe Bans Terrorist Media: what Sort of Antidote to Poisonous Voices.” Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 17, issue 3, pp. 445-470.
• Green, M. Christian (2014). “From social hostility to social media: Religious pluralism, human rights and democratic reform in Africa.” African Human Rights Law Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 93-125.
• Hammond, Felicity (2007). “Terrorism's Next Victim? Judicial Review of the Malaysian Internal Security Act 1960.” Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol. 8, issue 2, pp. 270-291
• Heyns, Christof (2016). “Human Rights and the Use of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) During Domestic Law Enforcement.” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 38, pp. 350–378.
• Heyns, Christof, Dapo Akande, Lawrence Hill-Cawthorne and Thompson Chengeta (2016). “The International Law Framework Regulating the Use of Armed Drones.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 65, issue 4, pp. 791-827.
• Hoyle, Carolyn, Bradford, Alexandra and Frenett, Ross (2015). “Becoming Mulan? Female Western Migrants to ISIS.” Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
• Huckerby, Jayne (2012). “Women and preventing violent extremism: The U.S. and U.K. Experiences” Center for Human Rights and Global Justice Briefing Paper.
• Human Rights Watch (2012). “No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks on Schools in Somalia.” February, pp. 1-104.
• Huskey, Kristine A. (2012). “Accountability for Private Military and Security Contractors in the International Legal Regime.” Criminal Justice Ethics, vol. 31, issue 3, pp. 193-212.
• Ifemeje, Sylvia, Boniface Ewulum, and Chineze Ibekwe (2015). “Gender Based Violence Dimension of Terrorism in Nigeria: A Critique.” Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, vol.34, pp. 40-43, [i].
• Ikejiaku, Brian-Vincent (2009). “The Relationship between Poverty, Conflict and Development.” Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 2, no. 1.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) (2011). Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in the Americas. 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 66.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2013). Freedom of expression and the internet. 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II, CIDH/RELE/INF.11/13.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2013). Violence against journalists and media workers. 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. CIDH/RELE/INF.12/13.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015). Criminalization of the Work of Human Rights Defenders. 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/IL, Doc. 49/15.
• International Code of Conduct Association (2010). International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers. Swiss Confederation, November.
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) (2008). Montreux Document: On pertinent international legal obligations and good practices for States related to operations of private military and security companies during armed conflict. Montreux: ICRC, FDFA.
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2014). Autonomous Weapon Systems: Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects. Expert meeting, Geneva, 26-28 March.
• Keller, Helen, and Maya Sigron (2010). “State Security v Freedom of Expression: Legitimate Fight against Terrorism or Suppression of Political Opposition?” Human Rights Law Review, vol. 10, issue 1, pp. 151-168.
• Kretzmer, David (2012). “Use of Lethal Force against Suspected Terrorists.” In Ana-Maria Salinas de Frias, Katja L.H. Samuel and Nigel D. White, eds. Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lie, Hin-Yan (2015). Law’s Impunity: Responsibility and the Modern Private Military Company. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• Lord, Kristin (2016). “Here Come the Young.” Foreign Policy, 12 August.
• Marchand, Sterling A. (2010). “An Ambiguous Response to a Real Threat: Criminalizing the Glorification of Terrorism in Britain.” The George Washington International Law Review, vol. 42, pp. 123-158.
• Melzer, Nils (2008) Targeted Killing in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Millson, Rory O., and David A. Herman (2015). “Killing by Drones: Legality under International Law.” The Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, Oxford, Policy Brief.
• Muslim Public Affairs Council. Safe Spaces: an updated toolkit for empowering communities and addressing ideological violence.
• Nolte, Georg (2004). “Preventive Use of Force and Preventive Killings: Moves into a Different Legal Order.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law, vol. 5, issue 1, pp. 111-129.
• Norris Pippa, Montague Kern, and Marion Just, eds. (2003). Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government, and the Public. New York: Routledge.
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 2019. “Understanding the Role of Gender in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization That Lead to Terrorism: Good Practice for Law Enforcement.” May.
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights in cooperation with Centro de Investigaciones de Relaciones Internacionales y Desarrollo (CIDOB) (2007). The Role of Civil Society in Preventing Terrorism: Informal Working Level Meeting. 14-16 March. Barcelona. ODIHR.GAL/34/07.
• Prelis, Lakshitha Saji (2016). “UNDP Global Meeting on Preventing Violent Extremism & Promoting Inclusive Development, Tolerance & Diversity.”14-16 March 2016 (Oslo, Norway). Presentation by Search for Common Ground and Co-Chair of Inter-Agency Working Group on Youth and Peacebuilding.
• RSIS, (2017). Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses: A Journal of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (CTR), vol. 9, issue 8 (August).
• Saltman, Erin M. and Smith, Melanie (2015). “ ‘Til Martyrdom Do Us Part’: Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon.” Institute for Strategic Dialogue.
• Samuel, Thomas Koruth (2011). “The Lure of Youth into Terrorism.” SEARCCT’s Selection of Articles, vol. 2.
• Sang, Brian (2017). “The Limits of targeted killing in counter-terrorism operations: An international law perspective.” Strathmore Law Journal, vol. 3, no 1, pp. 1-39.
• Schwarz, Elke (2016). “Prescription Drones: On the Techno-Biopolitical Regimes of Contemporary ‘Ethical Killing’.” Security Dialogue, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 59–75.
• Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT) (2012). Youth and Terrorism: A Selection of Articles. Kuala Lumpur: SEARCCT.
• Sterio, Milena (2012). “The United States' Use of Drones in the War on Terror: The (Il)legality of Targeted Killings under International Law.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol. 45, issues 1 and 2, pp. 197-214.
• United Nations, ECOSOC (1989). Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2017). Terrorism and the Media. A Handbook for Journalists. Paris: UNESCO.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2015). Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 2 October 2015: Human rights and preventing and countering violent extremism. 12 October. A/HRC/RES/30/15.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2016). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. 29 April. A/HRC/31/65.
• United Nations, General, Human Rights Council (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Heine Bielefeldt. 23 December. A/HRC/28/66/Add.1.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2016). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. 29 April. A/HRC/31/65.
• United Nations, General Assembly (2008). The protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism: Report of the Secretary General. 28 August. A/63/337.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2014). Civil Society Space. 23 September. A/HRC/27/L.24.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2018). Report of the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. 13 July. A/HRC/39/49.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2016). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions on the Right to Life and the Use of Force by Private Security Providers in Law Enforcement Contexts. 6 May. A/HRC/32/39.
• United Nations, General Assembly (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Christof Heyns. 13 September. A/68/382.
• United Nations, General Assembly (1981). Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. 25 November. A/RES/36/55.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2015). Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Heiner Bielefeldt. 30 January. A/HRC/28/66/Add.2.
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2014. “Ending Statelessness Within 10 Years”. A Special Report, pp. 1-23.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2013). Annual Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Addendum Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred.11 January. A/HRC/22/17/Add.4.
• United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee (2011). General comment No. 34: Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression. 12 September. CCPR/C/GC/34.
• United Nations, UNODC (2014). State Regulation Concerning Civilian Private Security Services and their Contribution to Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Vienna: United Nations.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2010). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions: Study on Targeted Killings, Philip Alston. 28 May. A/HRC/14/24/Add.6.
• UNODC (2012). The use of the Internet for terrorist purposes. New York: UNODC.
• UNODC (2006). Preventing terrorist acts: A criminal justice strategy integrating rule of law standards in implementation of the United Nations anti-terrorism instruments. New York: UNODC.
• United States Department of Justice, Office of the Assistant Attorney General (2016). Memorandum for the Attorney General: Re Applicability of Federal Criminal Laws and the Constitution to Contemplated Lethal Operations against Shaykh Anwar al-Aulaqi. Case: 13-422, Doc. 229, p.67.
• Urdal, Henrik (2006). “A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 50, issue 3, pp. 607-629.
• USAID, (2005). “Youth and Conflict: a Toolkit for Intervention.”
• Voluntary Principles on Security + Human Rights. “The Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights.”
• Voorhoof, Dirk (2014). The Right to Freedom of Expression and Information Under the European Human Rights System: Towards a More Transparent Democratic Society. EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2014/12. European University Institute.
• Walsh, James P. (2017). “Moral panics by design: The case of Terrorism.” Current Sociology, vol. 65, issue 5, pp. 643-662.
• Wallace, Stuart (2017). “Private Security Companies and Human Rights: Are Non-Judicial Remedies Effective?” Boston University International Law Journal, vol. 35, pp. 69-114.
• White, Nigel D. (2011). “The Privatisation of Military and Security Functions and Human Rights: Comments on the UN Working Group’s Draft Convention.” Human Rights Law Review, vol. 11, issue 1, pp. 133-151

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