Case Law Database

Smuggling of migrants

Offences

• Enabling illegal stay

Judgment No. 33 (19-81.561)

Fact Summary

A French citizen (A.X.) was charged with facilitating irregular migration when he assisted four individuals (two Malian and two Libyan nationals) by transporting them in his mother’s car to the train station in Fontan/Saorge, France. The defendant is a member of a humanitarian association that specifically assists migrants in need without asking for any material or financial decompensation. Many members had already been charged and convicted for facilitating irregular migration, including A.X. who was convicted to three months suspended imprisonment by the Criminal Court in Nice. The Court of Cassation acquitted the defendant from all charges as the lower Courts had misapplied the humanitarian exception clause provided for in Art. L. 622-4, No. 3 CEDESA.

Commentary and Significant Features

Relevant case in relation to a series of smuggling cases brought against members of the Association Roya Citoyenne before French courts.
Sentence Date:
2020-02-26

Keywords

Acts:
Transportation
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants:
Article 5 Criminalization of participation in an organized criminal group

Cross-Cutting Issues

Liability

... for

• completed offence

... based on

• no criminal intent

... as involves

• principal offender(s)

Procedural Information

Legal System:
Civil Law
Latest Court Ruling:
Supreme Court
Type of Proceeding:
Criminal
Accused were tried:
separately (parallel trials)
 

The Case goes back to a decision of the French Constitutional Court which found that criminalizing all humanitarian assistance to migrants in need was contrary to the constitutional principle of fraternity (https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/case-law-doc/migrantsmugglingcrimetype/fra/2018/no._2018-717718_qpc.html?lng=en&tmpl=sherloc). Following this judgment, the French legislator adopted Law No. 2018-778 amending Art. L 622-4 CESEDA by providing immunity from criminal liability for assistance that was purely humanitarian in nature. The lower courts in the case nevertheless convicted the defendant as A.X. did not act purely out of humanitarian interest since – as member of an activist group which consciously and systematically supported irregular migration – he lacked the necessary spontaneity for the exception to apply. The Court of Cassation disagreed, annulled the conviction and referred the case back to the Court of Appeal. No spontaneity was necessary for the humanitarian exception to apply.

 
 

Migrants

Migrant:
Gender:
Male
Nationality:
Malian
Migrant:
Gender:
Male
Nationality:
Malian
Migrant:
Gender:
Male
Nationality:
Libyan
Migrant:
Gender:
Male
Nationality:
Libyan

Defendants / Respondents in the first instance

Number of other accused:
1
Defendant:
A.X.
Gender:
Male
Nationality:
French

Charges / Claims / Decisions

Defendant:
A.X.
Legislation / Statute / Code:
Art. L622-1 Code de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d’asile
Charge details:

https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/legislation/fra/code_de_lentree_et_du_sejour_des_etrangers_et_du_droit_dasile_ceseda/chapter_i-iii/_/chapter_i-iii.html?lng=en

 Article L622-1 En savoir plus sur cet article...
Modifié par LOI n°2012-1560 du 31 décembre 2012 - art. 11

Sous réserve des exemptions prévues à l'article L. 622-4, toute personne qui aura, par aide directe ou indirecte, facilité ou tenté de faciliter l'entrée, la circulation ou le séjour
irréguliers, d'un étranger en France sera punie d'un emprisonnement de cinq ans et d'une amende de 30 000 Euros.

Sous réserve des exemptions prévues à l'article L. 622-4, sera puni des mêmes peines celui qui, quelle que soit sa nationalité, aura commis le délit défini au premier alinéa du présent article alors qu'il se trouvait sur le territoire d'un Etat partie à la convention signée à Schengen le 19 juin 1990 autre que la France.

Sous réserve des exemptions prévues à l'article L. 622-4, sera puni des mêmes peines celui qui aura facilité ou tenté de faciliter l'entrée, la circulation ou le séjour irréguliers d'un étranger sur le territoire d'un autre Etat partie à la convention signée à Schengen le 19 juin 1990.

Sous réserve des exemptions prévues à l'article L. 622-4, sera puni de mêmes peines celui qui aura facilité ou tenté de faciliter l'entrée, la circulation ou le séjour irréguliers d'un étranger sur le territoire d'un Etat partie au protocole contre le trafic illicite de migrants par terre, air et mer, additionnel à la convention des Nations unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée, signée à Palerme le 12 décembre 2000.

Verdict:
Acquittal

Court

Cour de cassation