
In April 2006 the victim, owing to her unemployment and precarious financial situation, contacted defendant Edgar Emilio Bonilla Galán through a friend. Mr. Bonilla, in turn, put the victim in contact with her sister Nini Johanna Vargas Bonilla, who lived in Hong Kong, with the purpose of transporting her to that city to work as a prostitute.
Once contact had been established, Mr. Bonilla and Ms. Vargas proceeded to finance the victim’s trip to Hong Kong. After arriving at her destination, the victim would have to repay the sum of $45.000.000 colombian pesos (COP) with the earnings generated from her prostitution.
In May 2006, upon arrival in Hong Kong, the victim’s identity documents were confiscated by Ms. Vargas. Ms. Vargas forced the victim to work extended hours, restricted her movements, and subjected her to coercion and constant maltreatment.
Once the victim had repaid her initial debt, Ms. Vargas informed her that she would have to pay an additional sum. This announcement lead to an argument between Ms. Vargas and the victim, which ended with Mr. Bonilla threatening the victim’s family.
Finally the victim was deported to Colombia due to her irregular presence in Hong Kong.
En el mes de abril de 2006 la víctima, debido a su situación de desempleo y precaria situación económica, contactó por medio de una amiga con el acusado Edgar Emilio Bonilla Galán, quien a su vez la puso en contacto con su hermana Nini Johanna Vargas Bonilla, domiciliada en Hong Kong, a fin de que viajara hasta esa ciudad para ejercer la prostitución.
Una vez establecido el contacto, el señor Bonilla y la señora Vargas procedieron a financiar el viaje de la víctima, quien una vez en el país de destino debía cancelar la suma de $45.000.000 pesos colombianos (COP) con los ingresos obtenidos de su prostitución.
En mayo de 2006, al llegar la víctima a Hong Kong, sus documentos, así como su billete de avión de regreso le fueron retenidos por la señora Vargas. Ésta obligó a la víctima a trabajar en horarios extensivos, con movilidad restringida, coerción y malos tratos constantes.
Una vez cancelada la deuda inicial, la señora Vargas informó a la víctima de que debía un valor adicional, lo que generó un enfrentamiento que concluyó con amenazas por parte del señor Bonilla a la familia de la víctima.
Finalmente la víctima fue repatriada por su estancia irregular en Hong Kong.
1st Instance:
Court: Specialized Criminal District Court
Location: : Caldas-Manizales
Date of decision: 18-06-2010
2nd Instance:
Court: Superior District Court
Location: Pereira-Risaralda
Date of decision: 26-04-2013
1ª Instancia:
Corte/Tribunal: Juzgado Penal del Circuito Especializado
Local: Caldas-Manizales
Fecha de la decisión: 18/06/2010
2a Instancia:
Corte/Tribunal: Tribunal Superior del Distrito Judicial
Local: Pereira-Risaralda
Fecha de la decisión: 26/04/2013
El Tribunal determinó la responsabilidad criminal de los procesados Edgar Emilio Bonilla y Nini Johanna Vargas por incurrir en la comisión del delito de trata de personas.
Efectuado el análisis del acervo probatorio, particularmente de los testimonios, se determinó que el procesado, Edgar Emilio, captó a la víctima para que ejerciera la prostitución en Hong Kong, y fue la persona que se hizo cargo de sufragar los gastos del viaje. A cambio, la víctima asumiría el compromiso de cancelar una obligación equivalente a 45.000.000 de pesos colombianos.
The Court determined the criminal liability of the defendants, Edgar Emilio Bonilla and Nini Johanna Vargas, for their commission of the crime of human trafficking.
After analysing the multiple evidence presented during the trial, with particular attention to the testimonies received, the Court established that the defendant, Edgar Emilio, recruited the victim for the purpose of engaging in prostitution in Hong Kong. He was also the person who financed the victim’s trip to Hong Kong. In exchange, the victim contracted a debt of 45.000.000 colombian pesos.
El Tribunal tomó en consideración el testimonio de la víctima, del cual se desprende que estuvo en Hong Kong y que fue sometida a una serie de actos de explotación sexual por parte de la procesada Nini Johanna, quien la coaccionaba e intimidaba para que ejerciera la prostitución y de esa forma obtener provecho económico. En opinión del juez, tales actos de amenaza y coacción se llevaron a cabo no solo en Hong Kong, puesto que ante la negativa de la víctima de pagar una suma adicional a la que le correspondía cancelar, sus parientes más cercanos fueron intimidados y amenazados.
The Court took into account the victim’s testimony, from which it established that the victim had been in Hong Kong and had been subjected to a series of acts of sexual exploitation by defendant Nini Johanna, who coerced her and intimidated her into engaging in prostitution in order to obtain a personal financial gain. In the judge’s view, the acts of coertion and threats received by the victim did not only take place in Hong Kong, but also in Colombia: because the victim refused to pay an additional sum of money, her close relatives in Colombia were threatened and intimidated.
Art. 188A and 188B, Chapter V “Crimes against personal autonomy”, Title III “Crimes against individual freedom and other guarantees”, Colombian Criminal Code.
Art. 188A. Human Trafficking. Anyone who detains, transports, harbours or receives a person within the national territory or abroad for the purpose of exploitation shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of thirteen (13) to twenty-three (23) years and a fine of eight hundred (800) to one thousand, five hundred (1,500) times the current minimum statutory monthly wage.
For the purposes of this article, exploitation is understood to mean obtaining economic gain or any other benefit for oneself or for another person by exploiting the prostitution of another person or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices akin to slavery, servitude, exploitation of another person’s mendicancy, marital servitude, extraction of organs, sex tourism or other forms of exploitation.
Consent by the victim to any form of exploitation defined in this article shall not constitute grounds for exoneration from criminal responsibility.
Art. 188 B. Aggravating Circumstances. […]The sentence will be increased by half if the acts as described in art. 188 and 188A are committed against a child under twelve (12) years of age.
Fine amount: 975 monthly legal minimum wages
La defensa sustentó el recurso de apelación ante el Tribunal en cuatro argumentos principales. Resulta particularmente interesante detenerse en dos de ellos, por el análisis que realiza la segunda instancia de los mismos, finalmente desestimándolos y confirmando la sentencia recurrida.
La defensa alegó que se había violado el principio de territorialidad de la ley penal colombiana en referencia a la procesada Vargas Bonilla, ya que la ejecución de la conducta sobre la cual se hace el reproche jurídico tuvo lugar en en Hong Kong, que también era la ciudad de residencia de la acusada. Así, en opinión de la defensa, los hechos cometidos se hallaban fuera de la jurisdicción colombiana. Además, la defensa sostuvo que no existía ninguna de las causales del artículo 16 del Código Penal para aplicar a extraterritorialidad de la ley colombiana.
Por otro lado, el recurrente planteó que en caso de confirmar la sentencia, el Tribunal debería calcular nuevamente la pena, pues el juez de primera instancia desconoció la situación de marginalidad, falta de educación y estado de necesidad de los procesados, de acuerdo con el artículo 56 del Código Penal.
El Tribunal desestimó los argumentos del recurso y justificó tal decisión en base a precisiones doctrinales y jurisprudenciales que se resumen a continuación:
1. Para el argumento de violación del principio de territorialidad, el Tribunal recordó que este principio tiene unas subreglas de aplicación. Conforme a una de ellas, denominada “Regla de Territorialidad Subjetiva”, todo Estado asume jurisdicción sobre los actos que comienzan en su territorio pero cuya terminación se produce en territorio de otro Estado. En el caso en particular, la captación de la víctima comienza en Colombia, y su acogida y posterior explotación se produce en territorio de la República Popular de China, siendo una situación que se adapta a la subregla de la territorialidad subjetiva.
2. En cuanto a la solicitud subsidiaria de recalcular la pena teniendo en cuenta lo contemplado en el artículo 56 del Código Penal colombiano, esto es la situación de marginalidad, pobreza extrema o estado de ignorancia, el Tribunal precisa cada concepto y desecha su aplicación en el caso particular:
-Estado de marginalidad. Resulta en los casos de personas apartadas o alejadas de la sociedad en tal grado que no puedan comprender o asimilar el cometimiento de un injusto. Sin embargo, esta situación es lejana al caso concreto, toda vez que de las condiciones de vida de los procesados se puede deducir su participación en sociedad.
-Pobreza extrema. Es la incapacidad de cubrir necesidades esenciales para la dignidad de todo ser humano como pueden ser: salud, vivienda, alimentación y empleo. En el caso de los procesados, no puede argumentarse tal circunstancia, toda vez que ambos tenían ingresos procedentes de distintas actividades económicas.
-Estado de ignorancia. A pesar de la baja escolaridad argumentada por la defensa para aplicar el artículo 56 del Código Penal, el Tribunal consideró que ésta no constituía una causa que efectivamente impidiera a los acusados comprender la ilicitud de sus actos.
Finalmente, a pesar que la defensa en algún momento pretende desestimar el testimonio de la víctima por haber contactado ésta al señor Bonilla y a su hermana de forma voluntaria, el Tribunal no se pronuncia sobre el consentimiento y su alcance a la hora de valorar la responsabilidad de los autores de la conducta.
The Defense based its appeal before the Court on four main arguments. It is particularly interesting to dwell on two of them, in light of the analysis conducted by the second instance court, finally dismissing these arguments and confirming the first instance decision.
Appellant’s counsel argued that the principle of territoriality had been violated regarding defendant Vargas Bonilla. The appellants argued that the conduct on which the prosecution had based the legal charges had taken place in Hong Kong, which was also the defendant’s city of residence. Thus, according to the Defense, the acts committed fell outside Colombian jurisdiction. Furthermore, the Defense argued that none of the causes of Article 16 of the Criminal Code, which justify the assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction, were applicable in this case.
In addition to this, the appellant argued that in the event that the Court decided to uphold the first instance conviction, it should reconsider the sentence imposed, as the first instance judge ignored the marginalized situation, lack of education, and state of necessity of the defendants, in accordance with art. 56 of the Penal Code.
The Court dismissed these arguments and justified its decision based on doctrinal and jurisprudential clarifications which are outlined below:
1.On the subject of the territoriality principle, the Court clarified that the application of this principle is informed by several sub-principles. In keeping with one of these sub-principles, named “Subjective Territoriality Rule”, a State assumes jurisdiction over acts that begin in their territory, but are completed in the territory of another State. In this particular case, the recruitment of the victim began in Colombia, and her harbouring and subsequent exploitation took place in the territory of the People’s Republic of China. Therefore, this situation falls under the sub-principle of subjective territoriality.
2.With regard to the alternative request to reconsider the sentence imposed, taking into account art. 56 of the Colombian penal code, this is the marginalized situation, extreme poverty or state of ignorance, the Court has clarified each of these concepts and dismissed their application in this particular case:
-Marginalized state. It is applicable in cases of persons who have been secluded or removed from society, to such extent that they are unable to comprehend or the commission of a crime. However, it is evident from the particular conditions and circumstances of the appellants’ lives, that they participated in, and were a part of, society.
- Extreme poverty. The inability to meet the most basic needs, essential to the dignity of any human being, such as: health, housing, food and employment. In the appellants’ case, such circumstance cannot be argued, as both appellants earned an income from different economic activities.
- State of ignorance. Despite the low educational level asserted by the appellants with the purpose of applying art. 56 of the Penal Code, the Court considered that the little schooling received by the defendants did not prevent them from understanding that their actions were unlawful.
Finally, in spite of the Defense’s attempt to dismiss the victim’s testomy, claiming that it was the victim herself who voluntarily contacted Mr. Bonilla and his sister, the Court remained silent regarding consent and the reach of a victim’s consent when it comes to assessing the criminal liability of the authors of a reprehensible conduct.
Art. 188A and 188B, Chapter V “Crimes against personal autonomy”, Title III “Crimes against individual freedom and other guarantees”, Colombian Criminal Code: "Anyone who detains, transports, harbours or receives a person within the national territory or abroad for the purpose of exploitation shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of thirteen (13) to twenty-three (23) years and a fine of eight hundred (800) to one thousand, five hundred (1,500) times the current minimum statutory monthly wage.
For the purposes of this article, exploitation is understood to mean obtaining economic gain or any other benefit for oneself or for another person by exploiting the prostitution of another person or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices akin to slavery, servitude, exploitation of another person’s mendicancy, marital servitude, extraction of organs, sex tourism or other forms of exploitation.
Consent by the victim to any form of exploitation defined in this article shall not constitute grounds for exoneration from criminal responsibility."
Fine amount: 975 minimum legal wages
Ibid. defendant 1.
Ibid. acusado 1.
Superior District Court
Superior Court of Pereira. Sentence of 24 of April 2013, radicado N° 2006-01128.
Tribunal Superior del Distrito Judicial de Pereira. Sentencia del 24 de abril de 2013, radicado N° 2006-01128.